1. Ch. 4

2. Sec. 1: Colonial Government

3. Magna Carta 1215: “Great Charter” signed by Eng King John Placed restrictions on pwr of ruler –Needed nobles’ permission to levy taxes –Protected right to own private property –Right to trial by jury

4. Parliament Br legislature (law-making body) 2 houses (bicameral): House of Lords (by title) & House of Commons (elected) Right to approve taxes – “pwr of the purse” Other 2-house legislatures: –Congress: Senate, House of Reps –NY State Leg: State Senate, Assembly

5. English Bill of Rights Glorious Revolution (1688): King James was removed from power & replaced by William & Mary Bill of rights: written list of freedoms gov’t promises to protect –trial by jury –Habeas corpus: to be held in prison, must be charged w/ crime –Free elections –Freedom of speech & debate in Parliament

6. Colonial Legislatures 1619: House of Burgesses est in VA Made laws for Jamestown (& eventually all of VA) 1629: General Court (MA legislature) 1701: General Assembly (PA legislature)

7. Right to Vote in Colonies 50-75 % white males could vote In some col had to own property &/or belong to specific church Women, Nat Am, Afr Am couldn’t vote

8. Freedom of the Press 1735: Zenger Trial John Peter Zenger— newspaper publisher in NY Printed articles criticizing gov Charged w/ libel (publishing of statements that damage a person’s reputation)

9. Slander—spoken false statements Zenger’s lawyer—Andrew Hamilton— argued that Zenger didn’t commit libel if the statements were true Jury agreed Showed col valued freedom of the press (right of journalists to publish the truth w/o restriction or penalty)

10. Regulating Trade Mercantilism: colonies exist to serve the econ needs of their parent country 1651: Navigation Acts –Shipments from Eur to col had to go through Eng 1 st –Had to use Br ships –Col could sell key products only to Eng Created jobs for Eng workers

11. Benefits of Navigation Acts Col had a guaranteed market for their goods Helped develop ship- building industry in New England Disadvantages Felt laws favored Br. merchants Col couldn’t sell directly to foreign markets Led to smuggling (illegal trading)

12. Sec 2: Colonial Society

13. Colonial Farm Where most col lived Having a large family was an advantage— needed many hands to do work Self-sufficient Raise crops, tend animals, maintenance Farmhouses made of wood, had few rms Fireplace—only source of heat In towns, single ppl expected to live w/ a family as a servant or boarder

14. Men Carpenters, wheelwrights, coopers, butchers, tanners, shoemakers, chandlers Ctrled income & property Held authority in families Voters, officeholders Represented family in public

15. Women Couldn’t choose husband—families arranged marriages Cooked, did laundry, made cloth, tended garden & animals, churned butter, preserved food, cared for children, etc Little or no role in public life Couldn’t own property Could teach in dame schools

16. Children Beg work @ 7 yrs Did household or farm chores Fetched water & wood Helped in kitchen Boys worked in fields Girls helped mothers Apprentice: someone who learns a trade by working for someone in that trade for a period of X

17. Social Classes Eur—land was measure of wealth America offered immigrants chance to own land Eur—prospects determined by birth Amer-more social equality Gentry –Upper class –Wealthy planters, merchants, ministers, royal officials –Most powerful –Public office (only ones who could afford to)

18. Middle Class –Majority of col –Sm planters, artisans, independent farmers –Could vote but few held office –Mostly white, 1 % Afr Am –Opportunity to move up social scale Indentured Servants –Signed contract to work 4 – 10 yrs in exchange for passage to America –Had few rights –@ end of service, received clothes, tools, land

19. Free Afr Amer –Allowed to own property –Some actually purchased slaves who were relatives & set them free –Couldn’t vote or sit on juries

20. Sec 3: Slavery in Colonies

21. Atlantic Slave Trade Posts set up along coast of Africa Africans sold other Africans to Eur 10 million+ transported to America

23. Middle Passage Captives traded for guns & goods Loaded on slave ships & transported across Atlantic on brutal voyage known as Middle Passage Cramped onto boats, no light or air Olaudah Equiano-slave who desc conditions 15-20% died or committed suicide along way Auctioned upon arrival in America Families separated

24. Triangular Trade 3-way trade between colonies, Caribbean (West Indies), & Africa New Eng sent fish, lumber, & goods to Caribbean for sugar & molasses (for rum) New Eng sent goods to Afr in exchange for slaves (which were sent to W. Indies) Africa sent slaves to W Indies for $ & molasses

26. Slavery in Colonies Dev b/c of plantation system Needed workers Preferable to servants (slavery permanent) S. econ depended on it Children of slaves were also slaves Linked to racism b/c only Afr were slaves in America Racism: belief that 1 race is superior to others

27. Resistance Wrote slave codes to prevent rebellions Slave codes – laws that restricted rights & activities of slaves –Slaves can’t meet in large #s –Illegal to tch slave to rd or write –Masters who killed slaves couldn’t be tried for murder

28. African Cultural Influences Spoke Gullah (combined lang of W Afr w/ S dialect) crafts—ie woven baskets Music—ie banjo Folk tales

29. Sec 4: Spread of New Ideas

30. Puritans Laws said children & servants had to be taught to rd Towns w/ 50 families had to have an elem school 100 families had to have grammar school (like H.S.) Public school: school supported by taxes

31. Colonial Schools Taught rel, rd, writing, math S had private tutors Plantations too far apart Dame schools: young women taught very young children to rd & write Most schools not open to Afr Am Some ppl taught slaves in secret

32. Upper Levels Grammar schools taught Greek, Latin, geography, math, composition Like prep schools Universities incl Harvard, William & Mary

33. American Colonial Poetry Anne Bradstreet—wrote about joys & hardships of Puritan life Phillis Wheatley—slave in Boston

34. Ben Franklin Own newspaper Poor Richard’s Almanack Businessman, leader, scientist, inventor, diplomat Founded library & fire dept Disc about electricity Bifocals, stove Founding Father

35. Great Awakening 1730s & 1740s—religious revival in col Emotion-packed Christian movement Reaction to decline of rel zeal in col Led by preachers like Jonathan Edwards who called on ppl to examine lives & commit selves to God Also warned sinners to change ways

36. Impact of Great Awakening Rise of new churches (Methodists, Baptists) Split in other churches (Presbyterian, Dutch Reformed, Congregationalist) More religious toleration Reinforced democratic ideas

37. Enlightenment Change in way ppl thought—many no longer relied on faith to find answers to difficult questions Believed all problems could be solved by human reason “natural laws” governed society, religion, & politics

38. John Locke Natural rights: rts that belong to every human from birth –Life, liberty, property –Rights inalienable (can’t be taken away) Challenged idea of divine right (belief that monarchs get their authority to rule directly from God) Natural rights come from God

39. Social Contract Ppl set up gov’t to protect rights Give up some individual freedoms to safeguard rights of community Leader can only rule as long as ppl approve If monarch violates rule, ppl can overthrow him

40. Montesquieu Pwrs of gov’t should be clearly defined Separation of powers: div of pwr of gov’t into separate branches Keeps any one person from getting too much power 3 branches –Legislative: law-making body –Executive: carries out laws –Judicial: interprets laws