2. PERSONAL INFORMATION:-  SHEIKH MOHSIN JAMEEL (1421-311070)  WASEEM AKHTER (1421-1111111)  MASUD (1421-1111111)  SHUJAT (1421-1111111) PRESTON UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD.

3. CHAPTER 4: ETHERNET

4. ETHERNET:-  Definition  Connetion of number of system.  Background  1972 Robert Metcalf  David Boffs at Xeror PRODUCTION OF ETHERNET :  First Ethernet Specification  100 computers at 3 Mbps  1990 Ethernet Specification  IEEE 802.3 specification at 10 Mbps

5. HOW ETHERNET WORKS :  Ethernet access:  CSMA/CD  Example:  Old party-line telephone system.

6. ETHERNET CABLING SYSTEM:  10 Mbps Ethernet:  10base5 or thicknet  10base2 or thinnet  10baseT or twisted pair  10baseFL or fiber optics  100 Mbps Ethernet:  100VG-Any LAN  100BaseT Ethernet

7. 10Mbps Ethernet : 10base5 Ethernet :  Specifications:  Disadvantages:  Large size  High cost  Connection method Maximum segment length500 meters Maximum taps100 Maximum segments5 Maximum segments with nodes3 Maximum distance between taps2.5 meters Maximum repeaters4 Maximum overall length with repeaters2.5 kilometers Maximum AUI drop cable length50 meters

8. 10BASE2 ETHERNET:  Specifications:  Disadvantages:  Network gets failure by any single broken node  High cost compared to UTP cable  Network unreliable due to BUS configuration Maximum segment length185 meters Maximum segments5 Maximum segments with nodes3 Maximum repeaters4 Maximum overall length with repeaters925 meters Maximum devices per segment30

9. 10BASET ETHERNET:  Specifications: Maximum segment length100 meters Maximum segments1024 Maximum segments with nodes1024 Maximum nodes per segment2 Maximum nodes per network1024 Maximum hubs in a chain4

10. 10BASEFL ETHERNET :  Specifications: Maximum segment length2000 meters Maximum segments1024 Maximum segments with nodes1024 Maximum nodes per segment2 Maximum nodes per network1024 Maximum hubs in a chain4

11. 100Mbps Ethernet : 100VG-AnyLAN Ethernet :  Specifications:  100VG-AnyLAN  100baseVG  VG  AnyLAN  Advantages:  It is faster  It supports both Ethernet and Token Ring packets  It uses a demand priority access method that allows for two priority levels  Hubs can filter individually addressed frames for enhanced privacy  Note:  Categories 3,4 and 5 twisted pair and fiber optics can be use.  Uses Star topology and defines how child hubs can be connected  The length of any two segments must not exceed 250 meters

12. 100baseT Ethernet:  Specifications:  100baseT4 (categories 3,4 or 5 UTP or STP)  100baseTX (category 5 UTP or STP)  100baseFX (fiber-optic cable)  Note:  100baseX has the same advantages and drawbacks as 10baseT.

13. Token Ring :  Definition:  IEEE 802.5 standard  Topology physically like a star  Logically a ring topology  Background:  Developed by IBM as a robust  Highly reliable network  Complex than Ethernet  Self-healing and properties

14. TOKEN RING: HUBS:  Categories:  MAU(Multi-station Access Unit)  MSAU(Multi-station Smart Access Unit)  SMAU(Smart Multi-station Access unit)  Card Addressing and Settings:  Unique address  maximum two cards installation in single workstation  Uses DIP switch settings  cable connects 9-pin female connector  4 wires are required to make the connection to each card as UTP cable connection

15. Token Ring:  Specifications: Cable typeUTP,STP or fiber-optic Maximum MSAUs33 Maximum nodes260 Maximum distance between node and MSAU 45.5 m(UTP),100 m(STP or fiber-optic cable) Maximum patch cable distance connecting MSAUs 2.5 meters Maximum cumulative patch cable distance connecting all MSAUs 121.2 meters(UTP), Fiber- optic cabling can span several kilometers.

16. How token ring works:-  Token passing  NAUN(nearest active up-neighbour)  NADN(nearest active down-neighbour)  Active monitors  Standby Monitors  Beaconing Advantages:-  reliable under heavy load  built-in diagnostic and recovery mechanisms  connecting a LAN to an IBM mainframe easier  fault-tolerance features through ring wrap Disadvantages:-  token ring cards and equipments are expensive  very difficult to troubleshoot and requires expertise

17. FDDI(FIBER DISTRIBUSTED DATA INTERFACE): DEFINITION:  Ring-based network  Implemented without hubs  Uses devices called concentrators  Uses fiber optics to implement very fast, reliable network How FDDI works:-  Token passing scheme  FDDI token passing  Transmitting frames  Synchronous frames  Multi-frame dialogs  Dual counter- rotating rings

18. ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode): Definition:  Standard switching techniques  Uses asynchronous time-division multi-plexing Types of Network traffic:  Audio(Voice telephone over short and long distances)  Video (Cable television)  Data (Computer communications in LAN and WAN enviroments)

19. How ATM works:-  ATM communicates with cells  53 octets long each cell  Indicates the path the data will flow through  Small cells are used to minimize the latency and make it easy to process Two types of ATM network:-  Permanent Virtual Circuit(PVC)  set-up once  allows communication between two devices  Switching d Virtual Circuit (SVC)  temporarily set-up  just for duration of communication

20. Classes of service for ATM:  Circuit emulation with constant bit rate  Audio and/or video with a variable bit rate  Connection-oriented service for data transmission  Connectionless service for data transmission

21. Data transmission speed for ATM: NameDescription T1 Carrier1.544 Mbps using conventional telephone transmission ATM-2525 Mbps over twisted-pair copper wire T3 Carrier44.736 Mbps using conventional telephone transmission OC- 1SONET51 Mbps transmission over optical fiber OC- 3 SONET155 Mbps transmission over optical fiber OC- 12 SONET622 Mbps transmission over optical fiber OC- 48 SONET2.4 Gbps transmission over optical fiber

22. Apple Talk:  Definition:  Networking architecture  Built into every Macintosh computer  Introduced in 1983 Types of AppleTalk:  LocalTalk  EtherTalk and TokenTalk  Appleshare  Zones

23. ARCNET: Definition:  Widely-installed local area network  Managing line sharing among the workstations ARC net Environment:  Classified as a local area network or LAN  Introduced as an office automation LAN by Data point Corporation

24. How ARC net works:-  ArcNet uses a token-passing access method  Star-bus topology passing data at 2.5 Mbps  Supports data transmission rates of 20 Mbps  ArcNet is a token-passing architecture