1. Ventricular septal defects
Fig 12
Ventricular septal defects PA
Doubly committed subarterial defect
Muscular defect RA
Perimembranous defect RV
Diagram of the ventricular septum seen from right ventricular aspect, showing the
positions of various types of ventricular septal defects.

2. Small perimembranous VSD
Fig 13
Small perimembranous VSD
Echocardiogram demonstrating shunting through a perimembranous ventricular septal defect. Parasternal long-axis view with the transducer tilted toward the right ventricular inflow. RV LV LA

3. Large perimembranous VSD with PH
Fig 14
Large perimembranous VSD with PH LV
MPA RV AO LA RA
Parasternal short axis view from same patient
showing significantly dilated main pulmonary
artery, indicating the presence of pulmonary hypertension
Apical four chamber view demonstrating a large
perimembranous inlet ventricular septal defect

4. Muscular VSD Fig 15 Apical five chamber view
demonstrating a small muscular
outlet ventricular septal defect
(arrow) LV RV AO

5. Doubly committed VSD Fig 16 RV PA vsd Ao RA LA LA
Modified Parasternal short axis view demonstrating the presence of doubly committed
subarterial ventricular defect (arrow). Note there is no septal tissue between aortic and
pulmonary valve.

6. Residual VSD Fig 17 Parasternal long-axis view
showing a residual VSD. The echogenic patch on the septum suggests a previous repair. RV LV AO LA