1. + A brief history of data and databases Spanning thousands and thousands of years Unattributed pictures from University of Rochester History SiteUniversity of Rochester History Site

2. + Record Keeping – How long? The earliest “databases” (organized collections of information) may date as early as 3300 BCE (BC) with the beginning of writing (Cuneiform). Used to keep accounts and other record keeping. There is evidence that other forms of record keeping (clay tokens, notched bones) were also used prior to this. Source: http://www.ancientscripts.com/cuneiform.htmlhttp://www.ancientscripts.com/cuneiform.html

3. + So what is a database?

4. + Why? We use records to measure “stuff”. And most of these records are not digital.

5. + Today we use search engines, but… Paper records had to be cataloged in ways that made data update and retrieval possible. Census worked in precincts, within precinct by address. If you wanted to find one person, you had to know where they lived. When was the first US census? – But of course that was not the intent of the census Marriage and burial records were in books by year spans. Pages were devoted to last names in ranges. Paper indexes might be used to cross reference other ways of searching.

6. + Card Catalogs Interesting way to record the library collection. Each document (book, journal, artifact, …) was cataloged on a number of dimensions. (subject, author, title, record number (dewey decimal system) Cards were hand typed and hand filed. Each catalog provided an index (or a pointer) to where the book was located. It didn’t indicate whether the book was available, just where it should be found.(example catalog, example cards)example

7. + Other storage devices The punched card The first storage device of early computing Roots in textiles in the early 1800’s Jacquard Loom created cards with holes. The hole let a rod through. A set of cards defined the pattern. Binary! Either a rod went through or it didn’t. LoomLoom Basis for the first computing data storage.

8. + Problem As the US Census Bureau approached the 1890 census it had a problem. 1880 census was concluded in 1887 and the population just kept growing. Needed to find a way to increase the efficiency of the census processing. Enter Herman Hollerith.Herman Hollerith

9. + Hollerith’s device pantographHollerith card Integrating machine

10. + First computers The program, the data, the JCL – all done with punchcards

11. + Electronic files Originally, files were associated with particular applications on particular computers. Different kinds of data were in these different files. Integration of data was very difficult. Different uses of the data required program change. File storage was expensive and limited. File storage was primarily sequential (slow access)

12. + Enter the database Objects in a database can be related to one another. Hierarchical – One record leads the the related record. (Like a tree) Network – Allowed for multiple relationships (like a network) The databases used pointers to relate one record to another. 1960’s through today

13. + 1970, Edgar Codd Relational DBMS Mathematician at IBM Based on Relational Calculus U of M MicroDBMS IBM System R First implementation of SQL Led to Oracle IBM DB2 Informix Sybase MS SQL Server (based on Sybase)

14. + Relational Ideas See prior day’s lecture

15. + The Future? Object Oriented Databases – Combine data and operations on those data – Allows for inheritance – Cache’ (Intersystems Corp) – Oracle (Object-Relational Database) – Postgre(open source) XML and XML DBMS – XML designed to transport and store data (w3schools.com)w3schools.com – Database manages that data