1. WEEK 11 – TOPOLOGIES, TCP/IP, SHARING & SECURITY IT1001- Personal Computer Hardware System & Operations

2. Topology Bus Topology  A bus topology uses one cable as a main trunk to connect all of the system together.  A bus topology is very easy to setup & requires no additional hardware such as switch, hub.  The cable is also called a trunk, a backbone. With a bus topology, when a computer sends out a single the signal travels the cable link in both direction from the sending computer.  When the signal reach the end of the cable length it bounces back & return in the direction it come.

3. Topology Bus Topology Advantages of a Bus Topology  Low cost  Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to bus.  Requires less cable length than a star topology.  No need to purchase any additional devices such as switch and hub. Disadvantages of a Bus Topology  Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.  Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.  Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down. (Difficult to troubleshooting).

4. Topology Ring Topology  In a ring topology all computer are connected via a cable that loops in a ring or a circle.  It is a circle that has no start & no end. Because there are no ends terminators are not necessary.

5. Topology Ring Topology Advantages  It is less expensive than star topology.  Nodes can be easily added or removed. Disadvantages  It is more difficult to install and maintain.  If a node fails, it affects the entire network

6. Topology Star Topology  In star topology all computers are connected through one central device known as a switch or hub.  Each workstation has a cable goes from the network card to the hub device.  One of the major benefits of a star topology is that if there is a break down in a cable it causes only the work station not entire network.

7. Topology Star topology Advantages  It is easy to install and to maintain.  Can easily add and remove nodes to and from the network without affecting the network.(scalability)  If need to add another workstation with a star topology we can simply connect that system an unused part of the hub.  If any node fails, other nodes are not affected. Disadvantages  This type of network depends upon the central Hub. If Hub fails the entire network is failed.(But hub troubleshooting is easier than bus topology)  Each computer is directly connected to the Hub through a cable, so it becomes more costly.

8. Topology Tree Topology  A tree topology combines characteristics of bus and star topologies.  It consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a bus backbone cable.  Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network

9. Topology Tree topology Advantages of a Tree Topology  Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.  Supported by several hardware and software venders. Disadvantages of a Tree Topology  Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.  If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.  More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

10. Topology Mesh Topology  In a mesh topology, each computer is connected to every other computer by a separate cable.  This configuration provides redundant paths, so if one computer encounters a problem, the entire network still works.  On a large scale, multiple LANs can be connected using mesh topology with the help of telephone lines, coaxial cable or fiber optic cable. Number of cables =n(n-1)/2 =6(6-1)/2 =15

11. Topology Mesh Topology Advantages  Provides redundant paths between devices  The network can be expanded without disruption to current users. Disadvantages  Requires more cables than the other LAN topologies.  Complicated implementation

12. TCP/IP INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

13. TCP/IP The Internet Protocol Suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. TCP/IP defines the rule computers must follow to communicate with each other over the internet. It is commonly also known as TCP/IP named from two of the most important protocols in it:  the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard.

14. TCP/IP TCP/IP Configuration  TCP/IP defines how your computer communicates with other computers. TCP/IP  To make it easier to manage TCP/IP settings, we recommend using automated Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).  DHCP automatically assigns Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to the computers on your network, if your network supports it.

15. TCP/IP TCP/IP Configuration  If you use DHCP, then you don't have to change your TCP/IP settings if you move your computer to another location, and DHCP doesn't require you to manually configure TCP/IP settings, such as Domain Name System (DNS) and Windows Internet Name Service (WINS). To enable DHCP or change other TCP/IP settings, follow these steps: 1. Click to open Network Connections. 2. Right-click the connection that you want to change, and then click Properties. If you are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation. 3. Click the Networking tab. Under This connection uses the following items, click either Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) or Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6), and then click Properties

16. TCP/IP TCP/IP Configuration

17. TCP/IP TCP/IP Configuration 4.To specify IPv4 IP address settings, do one of the following:  To get IP settings automatically using DHCP, click Obtain an IP address automatically, and then click OK.  To specify an IP address, click Use the following IP address, and then, in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway boxes, type the IP address settings. 5.To specify IPv6 IP address settings, do one of the following:  To get IP settings automatically using DHCP, click Obtain an IPv6 address automatically, and then click OK.  To specify an IP address, click Use the following IPv6 address, and then, in the IPv6 address, Subnet prefix length, and Default gateway boxes, type the IP address settings.

18. TCP/IP TCP/IP Configuration 6.To specify DNS server address settings, do one of the following:  To get a DNS server address automatically using DHCP, click Obtain DNS server address automatically, and then click OK.  To specify a DNS server address, click Use the following DNS server addresses, and then, in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server boxes, type the addresses of the primary and secondary DNS servers.

19. TCP/IP TCP/IP Configuration  To change advanced DNS, WINS, and IP settings, click Advanced.

20. Practical Creating peer to peer network IP configuring Sharing & security (Files & folder) Sharing Resourses (a network printer)

21. Practical 1-Creating Peer to peer network Using crossover cable connect two computers Check the IP configuration using ipconfig command Assign static IP address Share two folders in both computer Transfer files between two computers To check the connectivity use the ping command

22. Assigning IP addresses Start  Network Places  View Network Connections  Local Area Connection

23. Network Connections

24. Local Area Connection

25. Local Area Connections Properties

26. Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

27. Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties

28. Check IP Configurations in Command Prompt

29. Using “ping’ command

30. Using “ping’ command (IP address is not exist)

31. Adding Computer into Workgroup Right click on “My Computer”  Properties

32. Select Computer Name Tab

33. Go to “Change”

34. Create Workgroup ATI

35. Workgroup Created

36. Need to Restart the Computer

37. Network Places  View workgroup computers

38. Sharing a Folder Create a folder (named share1) Right click on the that folder and select option “Sharing and security”

39. Sharing a Folder

41. Access Shared Files in Other Machine

42. Files on Remote Machine

43. Practical-2 Configure peer to peer network with more than two computers using a hub or switch. (Use straight through cables)

44. Configuring peer-to-peer network with more than two computers Using a switch or a hub

45. Steps Use straight-through cables for each computer Connect the computer using hub/switch and the cables Assign IP addresses to machines Add the machines to work group Check the connectivity Share folders Transfer some file between computers

46. Assigning IP addresses Start  Network Places  View Network Connections  Local Area Connection

47. Network Connections

48. Local Area Connection

49. Local Area Connections Properties

50. Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

51. Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties

52. Check IP Configurations in Command Prompt

53. Using “ping’ command

54. Using “ping’ command (IP address is not exist)

55. Adding Computer into Workgroup Right click on “My Computer”  Properties

56. Select Computer Name Tab

57. Go to “Change”

58. Create Workgroup ATI

59. Workgroup Created

60. Need to Restart the Computer