1. Harrod-Domar Model of Economic Growth ‘Crude but Flexible’ Lecture 2 of Eco 3317

2. Harrod-Domar Model as a Neo-Classical Model This model is older and cruder than Solow Model This model links Growth with K: - Quantity of Capital through Savings = Investment - Effectiveness and Efficiency of Capital - Different Institutions can make a difference in effectiveness and efficiency of capital It explain some Asian Economic Development to some extent.

3. 1. Derivation of Harrod-Domar equation Income Growth Rate = Saving Rate x Efficiency of Capital dY/Y = dY/dK x dK/Y As S = I = dK, and thus = dY/dK x S/Y = Marginal Product(ivity) of Capital x Savings Ratio

4. Alternatively we can say Growth Rate = S/Y dK/dY Average Propensity to Save = Average Propensity to Save Incremetal Capital Output Requirement Quantity of K x Efficiency of K =

5. 2. Key Concepts Savings Rate ICOR = 1/Marginal Productivity of K -> Inverse of Efficiency of K “The higher MPK, the lower ICOR, the more efficiently is capital being used.” “The more effectively capital is raised and the more efficiently it is used, the higher the rate of economic growth will be”

6. 3. Implications of the H-D model i)The key to economic growth is to expand the level of investment: capital accumulation or ‘Mobilization of capital’ ii)Equally important is the productivity or efficiency of use of capital: the higher the marginal product of capital,(MPk) the better, or the lower the required incremental capital-output ratio(ICOR), the higher the economic growth rate will be.

7. iii) In general, eventually, the more amount of capital, the Marginal Productivity of capital decreases – “ Convergence ” Recall: In the latter part of the S curve, the MP of capital is a decreasing function of capital –“ Decreasing Marginal Returns ” or “ Law of Diminishing Marginal Return ” This happens as the size of capital grows in the natural course of economic growth. It is a formidable task to keep the weighted average Marginal Product of Capital constant or even Increasing for the entire economy. Technical Innovations may keep it high

8. 4. This leaves a room for Institutions: What makes differences in effectiveness of raising capital and efficiency of using capital across countries? It may be their ‘Different Institutions’ or ‘Different Economic Organizations’.

9. Different ‘Institutions’ or ‘Organizations’ leads to Different Effectiveness of raising Capital and Different efficiency of using Capital What are institutions? covers visible Direct Government Policy or Indirect Policy Environment Business Operating System; invisible Value System(ethics,religion)

10. 5. Applied to East Asian Economic Growth There must be unique ‘institutions’ that help effectively mobilize capital and enhance efficiency of capital Theory: The studies of economic growth is to find out what institutions they are. Practice: The strategy of economic growth is first to foster such ‘institutions’

11. * Case Studies 1) Japan Kozo Yamamura’s or Kazuo Sato ’ s paper reports that during the take-off stage of economic growth of Japan, 1) there was a big increase in capital due to high savings rates, and 2) the average capital- output ratio fell significantly. In turn, these two factors were due to favorable Government policies, business organizations, and institutions. Specifically, what are they?; how did they work?

12. For detailed explanation Read Kozo Yamamura’s paper andKozo Yamamura’s paper Kazuo Sato’s paper

13. Government’s Economic Development Planning(Progressive Stages) Industrial Policies Institutions No social welfare system Bonus System Minimum Investment on Housing (max. investment on production facilities) Lifetime Employment System Conglomerate System

14. 2) Korea Exact replica of the Japanese economic growth model

15. 3) Some failures Some countries have succeeded in mobilization of capital, but failed in the efficient use of capital. Stalinist Economy North Korea Great Leap Movement in China

16. 4) Chinese economic growth A bit of mystery? Effectiveness of Raising Capital “Is China a capital-poor country?” eg) Guo Taiming at Foxconn invested on his home town in Jincheng, Shanxi Province. Efficiency of Capital Use “Where does efficiency come from or not?”

17. 6. Shortcomings of the Harrod-Domar Model In a underdeveloped country, it is intrinsically difficult to stimulate domestic savings - One may say that one solution would be foreign savings(=foreign investment): However, borrowing from overseas causes dependency and debt repayment problems later. Over time, naturally, efficiency of capital use falls. - The law of diminishing returns suggests that as capital increases, the marginal productivity of the capital will diminish, and ICOR will rise: The model predicts that in the long-run, economic growth rate will fall- convergence. Empirically it is always the case. And we attribute this to Technical Innovation.