1. Land Observation Satellites Dr. M. M. Yagoub E-mailE-mail: myagoub@uaeu.ac.aemyagoub@uaeu.ac.ae E-mail: myagoub@hotmail.com URL : http://faculty.uaeu.ac.ae/~myagoub URL : http://www.angelfire.com/mo/yagoub

2. Type of Remote Sensing Source Sun Object Transmitted by Remote sensing System Visible - Reflective infrared Thermal infrared Microwave Object Reflectance Thermal radiation (temperature, emissivity) Backscattering coefficient VisibleReflective infrared - Thermal infraredMicrowave 0.4  m0.7  m 1 mm Electro- magneti c Spectrum 10  m3.0  m Sensor Optical Sensor System RADAR System Wavelength Region

3. Key characteristics of Optical Sensor example Spectral characteristics SPOT (HRV/XS) - Number of spectral bands 3 bands - wavelength of each band 0.49 - 0.59  m 0.61 - 0.68  m 0.79 - 0.89  m Spatial characteristics - Image swath 60 km - Spatial resolution 20 m Tow major characteristics of image data acquired by optical sensor system are keys for applications.

4. Landsat Landsat 1-3 Launched in 1972 at an altitude of 912 Km Onboard sensors are Returned Beam Videcon (RBV) camera Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS) with 4 bands and resolution 80m Ground swath width 185 Km Temporal resolution 18 days End of operation 1983

5. Landsat - continue Landsat 4-5 Launched in 1982 at an altitude of 705 Km Onboard sensors are MSS (80m) and Thematic Mapper (TM) with 6 bands and resolution 30m and one band in the Infra- Red (IR) with a resolution of 120m Ground swath width 185 Km Temporal resolution 16 days Landsat 6: Launched in 1983 and failed

6. Landsat - continue Landsat 7 Launched on 15 April 1999 at an altitude of 705 Km Onboard sensors are (TM 30m) and Enhanced Thematic Mpper plus (ETM+) with a resolution of 30m, 15m in panchromatic band and Thermal IR with 60m resolution (10.4-12.5  ) Ground swath width 185 Km Temporal resolution 16 days Joint program between NASA, NOAA, and USGS

7. LANDSAT 7 Satellite & Orbital Characteristics Swath width185 kilometers Image Sidelap7.3% (0° lat.) to 83.9% (80° lat.) Repeat coverage interval16 days (233 orbits) Period of Revolution98.8 minutes Altitude705 kilometers, near-circular Sensor TypeOpto-mechanical scanner QuantizationBest 8 of 9 bits On-board data storage~375 Gb (solid state) OrbitNear-polar, sun-synchronous Inclination98.2 degrees Equatorial crossing: Descending node: 10:00am +/- 15 min. ViewNadir Launch vehicleDelta II Launch dateApril 15, 1999

8. Landsat 7 ETM+ Imagery Researchers familiar with earlier Landsat 4 and 5 data will note the addition of a 15-meter panchromatic band, two gain ranges, the improved 60-meter spatial resolution for the thermal band, and the addition of two solar calibrators that contribute to improved radiometric calibration accuracy Imagery is available from EROS Data Center DAAC in Level 0R (essentially raw data), 1R (radiometrically corrected 0R) and 1G (radiometrically and systematically corrected 0R) processing levels. During processing, the 0R image data undergo two- dimensional resampling according to user-specified parameters including output map projection, rotation angle, pixel size, and resampling kernel. Standard data are provided via CD, 8mm tape or electronically via FTP

9. Landsat summary 15/4/99

10. Sensors on LANDSAT MSS –80 m resolution TM –30 m resolution

11. LANDSAT Satellites The first three LANDSATs occupied spare Nimbus platforms. LANDSAT-4 and -5 is a modified used modified TIROS platform. Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) solar array high gain antenna Thematic Mapper (TM) Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

12. LANDSAT Satellite Orbit The groundtrack of a Sun- synchronous satellite for a single day.

13. LANDSAT Satellite Orbit

14. LANDSAT World Reference System (WRS) The standard worldwide reference system as defined for Landsat series. The WRS indexes orbits (paths) and scene centers (rows) into a global grid system comprising 233 paths by 248 rows. 185 km

15. 1 2 3 4 5 7 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Wavelength in micron 6 10 11 12 13 Wavelength in micron 123457 6 0.45 - 0.52  m0.52 - 0.60  m0.63 - 0.69  m0.76 - 0.90  m1.55 - 1.75  m2.08 - 2.35  m10.4 - 12.5  m LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) Visibl e Blue Visibl e Green Visibl e Red Near Infrare d Short Wave Infrared Short Wave Infrared Thermal Infrared

16. Band 123 Band 234 Band 145 Band 257 Color Composite Images of LANDSAT TM

17. Band combinations, Colors and Reflectance Spectra UV Visible infrared (IR) Electromagnetic Spectrum Green Vegetation Dry Vegetation Soil Reflectance 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Wavelength (mm) 0.51.01.52.02.5 Band 123 Band 234 1 2 3 4 5 7 LANDSAT TM

18. The SPOT orbit SPOT 1,2,3,4 launched in 1986, 90,93, 97 and SPOT 5 will be launched by 2001 Altitude of 822 km, inclination 98 deg. (i.e near- polar orbit) (circular) The orbital plane have a constant angle relative to the Sun direction (sun-synchronous) Repeat access to any particular point at regular intervals (26 days) (Phased)

19. The SPOT payload The SPOT payload comprises two identical HRV (High Resolution Visible) imaging instruments, two tape recorders for image data, and a payload telemetry package for image transmission to ground receiving stations Each HRV offers an oblique viewing capability, the viewing angle being adjustable through +/- 27deg. relative to the vertical The unique characteristics of SPOT imagery is the ability to obtain Stereoscopic View which is important in 3D applications

20. HRV (High Resolution Visible) imaging instruments

21. HRV 2 HRV 1 3 Km 60 Km Orbit 117 Km SPOT imaging

22. Imaging modes Two imaging modes are employed, panchromatic (P) and multispectral (XS). Both HRVs can operate in either mode, either simultaneously or individually The panchromatic band covers 0.51 to 0.73 µm. This single channel imaging mode supplies only black and white images with a pixel of 10 m

23. Imaging modes - continue "XS" multispectral mode imaging is performed in three spectral bands. The bands used are band XS1 covering 0.50 to 0.59 µm (green), band XS2 covering 0.61 to 0.68 µ m (red) and band XS3 covering 0.79 to 0.89 µm (near infrared) By combining the data recorded in these channels, color composite images can be produced with a pixel size of 20 meters

24. SPOT’s Sensors Multispectral mode –20 meter resolution –3 channels Panchromatic mode –10 meter resolution

26. SPOT Stereo Pair

27. India’s IRS - 1C Satellite One of a series of satellites launched in 1995 –sunsynchronous orbit (10:30) –817 km height Three Detectors –WiFS for low resolution/large area applications –LISS - 3 is similar to LANDSAT but with less channels –PAN has the highest resolution of commercial satellites

28. IRS-1C’s Sensors WiFS –whiskbroom –188m resolution –810 km swath –5 day revisit l LISS - 3 –pushbroom –23.5m resolution l 70 m for Mid IR –142 km swath –24 day repeat

29. IRS 1C’s Sensors PAN –pushbroom that can be steered –5.8 m resolution –70 km swath –24 day revisit

30. IKONOS Satellite The IKONOS satellite was launched on September 24, 1999 into a sun-synchronous, near-polar, circular low-earth orbit with an altitude of 681 kilometres above the earth, inclination of 98.1 degrees, orbit time of 98 minutes, and swath width of 11 km. It simultaneously collects one-meter resolution black-and-white (panchromatic) images and four-meter resolution colour (multispectral) images. The revisit frequency of the satellite is 2.9 days at 1-meter resolution and 1.5 days at 1.5-meter resolution. Moreover, users can acquire IKONOS imagery according to programmed requests based on client's Area of Interest (AOI) co-ordinates. For more details refer to: http://www.spaceimaging.com

31. Band Wavelength Resolution 40.50-0.60  m80m 50.60-0.70  m80m 60.70-0.80  m80m 70.80-1.10  m80m 10.45-0.52  m30m 20.52-0.60  m30m 30.63-0.69  m30m 40.76-0.90  m30m 51.55-1.75  m30m 610.40-12.50  m120m 72.08-2.35  m30m 10.49-0.59  m20m 20.61-0.68  m20m 30.79-0.89  m20m Pan0.51-0.73  m10m 10.52-0.60  m18m 20.63-0.69  m18m 30.76-0.86  m18m 40.76-0.86  m18m 51.60-1.71  m18m 62.01-2.12  m18m 72.13-2.15  m18m 82.27-2.40  m18m 1 0.58 - 0.68  m1.1km 20.725 -1.10  m1.1km 33.55 - 3.93  m1.1km 410.3 - 11.3  m1.1km 511.5 - 12.5  m1.1km g-ray X-ray UV V IR Microwave VisibleInfrared LANDSAT (MSS) LANDSAT (TM) SPOT (HRV/XS) JERS-1 (OPS) NOAA (AVHRR) SPOT (HRV/PAN) 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 13.5 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 Band components of major optical sensors Panchromatic

32. LANDSAT (MSS/TM) 185 x 185 km SPOT (HRV) 60 x 60 km JERS-1 (OPS) 75 x 75 km IRS-1C(PAN) 70 x 70 km Earth Observation Satellites - Image coverage and spatial resolution - IRS-1C(PAN) 5.8 m LANDSAT TM (Band 6) 120 m LANDSAT MSS 80 m LANDSAT TM (Band 1-5 & 7) 30 m JERS-1 (OPS) 18 m SPOT (HRV/XS) 20 m SPOT (HRV/PAN) 10 m IKONOS 11 x 11 km IKONOS (PAN) 1m

33. Geometric characteristics of image data IFOV (Instantaneous Field Of View) is defined as the angle which corresponds to the sampling unit. Information within an IFOV is represented by a pixel in the image plane. The maximum angle of view which a sensor can detect the electromagnetic energy, is called the FOV (Field OF View). The width on ground corresponding to the FOV is called the swath width. The minimum detectable area, or distance on the ground is called the ground resolution. Sometimes the projected area on the ground corresponding to a image pixel or IFOV also called the ground resolution. FOV IFOV Ground resolution Swath width

34. IRS-1C (5.8m)SPOT Pan (10 m) LANDSAT TM (30 m) KVR-1000 (2m) Comparison of LANDSAT,SPOT, IRS-1C, and Russian KVR-1000

35. IKONOS 0.84 m resolution Image over the Diet Building, Tokyo, Japan

36. COMMERCIAL SPACEBORNE INSTRUMENTS FOR EARTH REMOTE SENSING MSS (80m) TM (30m) HRV-X (20m) HRV-P (10m) SAR (30m) LISS-3 (21-23m) Pan (5.2-5.8m) SAR (10-100m) HRV-X (20m) HRV-P (10m) Visible infrared Near infrared SW infrared TIR infrared Visible infraredMicrowaveVisible infraredMicrowaveVisible infrared Near infrared SW infrared TIR infrared Land use and cover, biomass, geologic, ice sheet and glacier mapping Land use and cover, biomass, geologic, ice sheet and glacier mapping Oceanographic Studies, Interferometry Land use and cover, biomass, geologic, ice sheet and glacier mapping. Land use and cover, biomass, geologic, ice sheet and glacier mapping. http://www.spotimage.fr 1984 - Feb 1986 - Jan 1990 - May 1991 - Apr 1995 - Dec 1995 - Sep 1997 - Nov 1995 -Mar 1998 -Apr 1999 - Landsat-5SPOT-1, 2ERS-1, 2 IRS-1C, 1D RADARSAT SPOT-4Landsat-7 SENSORS RESOLUTIO NS WAVELENGTHS APPLICATIONS WEB SITE LAUNCH DATE OR MISSION DURATION http://www.rsi.ca/ http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/ sge/landsat/landsat.html http://earth1.esrin.esa.it/http://www.nrsa.gov.in http://www.spotimage.fr http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/ sge/landsat/landsat.html Land use and cover, biomass, geologic, ice sheet and glacier mapping. TM (30m) Panchromatic (15m) Mapping Monitoring, DEM, Interfermetry.

37. HIGH RESOLUTION INSTRUMENTS FOR EARTH REMOTE SENSING High Spatial Resolution (2~15m) Camera Type Multispectral (4m) Panchromatic (1m) Multispectral (4m) Panchromatic (1m) Multispectral (4m) Visible Near Infrared Visible Near Infrared Visible Near Infrared Visible Mapping, GIS resource Mapping and Survering gass and pil, agriculture and fresty, natinal security, mineral exploration Mapping and Surveying gas and oil, agriculture and forestry, national security, mineral exploration Mapping, GIS resource 1981 -Sep 1999 -2000 1998 - SPIN-2 IKONOS-1b ORBVIEW- 3 QUICBIRDKOMETA SENSORS RESOLUTIO NS WAVELENGTH S APPLICATIO NS WEB SITE LAUNCH DATE OR MISSION DURATION http://www.orbimage.co m/ http://www.spin-2.com/ http:/geo.arc.nasa.gov/ sge/health/sensor/sensors/ ikonos.html http://yyy.tksc.nasda.go.jp /Home/This /This_j/adeos2_j.html http://www.orbimage.com/ Mapping GIS resources KVR-1000 (2m) TK-350 (10m) Camera Type Mapping and Surveying gas and oil, agriculture and forestry, national security, mineral exploration High Spatial Resolution (0.5m) Visible Near Infrared Mapping, GIS resource 2003 IKONOS- 2/3 http:/geo.arc.nasa.gov/ sge/health/sensor/sensors/ ikonos.html Visible Near Infrared 2000 ORBVIEW- 4 http://www.orbimage.com/ Mapping and Surveying gas and oil, agriculture and forestry, national security, mineral exploration. Panchromatic (1m) Multispectral (4m) Hyperspectral (8m)