1. IMAGERY

2. Terminal Learning Objective
Action: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various types of aerial imagery
Condition: Given intelligence handout and group discussion in a classroom environment.
Standard: Score 70% on a 50 question multiple choice test.

3. General Admin SAFETY REQUIREMENTS: GENERAL SAFETY RISK ASSESSMENT: LOW
ENVIRONMENT CONSIDERATIONS: IF YOU BROUGHT IN, TAKE IT WITH YOU!!
EVALUATION: Students will be evaluated during a written exam following the exam and during the graded FTX.

4. Enabling Learning Objective A
Action: Learn types of imagery, and various aspects of each type of imagery.
Condition: Given intelligence handout and group discussion in a classroom environment.
Standard: Score 70% on a 50 question multiple choice test.

5. Photographic Imagery
Intelligence and combat information are required by commanders at all echelons to satisfy their needs. Timely, accurate information is the cornerstone on which sound tactical decisions are made. Imagery provides information or intelligence that is not only timely, but, in most cases, accurate and detailed.

6. Echelon Support Echelons above corps
National level assets, civil and commercial systems
Corps
Division

7. Types of Imagery RADAR (to include SAR) Infrared (thermal) Optical
Electro optical
Multi-spectral

8. Radar Best for detecting objects at night and in bad weather
Capabilities
All-weather capability
Can penetrate fog, haze, clouds, smoke
Good stand-off capability
Large area coverage
Can detect movement
Does not rely on visible light nor thermal radiation

9. Radar Limitations Requires skilled analysis
Can be jammed or intercepted
Terrain masking

10. IR Capabilities Best for night time, clear weather, detailed analysis
Finds objects by the heat they radiate
Can detect objects at night
Can locate personnel and equipment under camouflage
Passive sensor
Provides good resolution

11. IR Limitations Thermal/temp cross-over twice each day
Bloom of heat sources can obscure or hide nearby objects
Weather severely degrades resolution
Tactical platforms vulnerable to enemy air defense

12. Hard Copy (Optical) Capabilities
Best tool for daytime, clear weather, detailed analysis
Highest resolution
Affords familiar view of scene
Preferred for detailed analysis
Offers stereographic viewing

13. Hard Copy (Optical) Limitations
Processing time
Can be deceived by employment of camouflage and concealment techniques
Restricted by weather conditions; Visible light cannot penetrate clouds or fog
Restricted by terrain and vegetation
Limited to daytime use only

14. Optical Imagery

15. Soft Copy (electro-optical) Capabilities
Excellent resolution
Near-Real-Time (NTR) capability
Same capabilities as optical

16. Soft Copy (electro-optical) Limitations
Requires large amount of memory and storage
Same as for optical (with exception of processing time)

18. Multi-spectral Capabilities
Best tool for mapping purposes and terrain analysis
Large database available
Wide area coverage
Band combinations can be manipulated to display desired requirements
Images can be merged with other digital data to provide higher resolution

19. Multi-spectral Limitations
Poor resolution
Current platforms commercially owned
Scenes must be purchased
Computer manipulation requires large amount of memory and storage
Image quality degraded by same weather factors for visible and IR

20. Map Mosaic

21. Perspective View

22. Summary IMINT Mission Four types of aerial imagery
Capabilities and limitations of each type

23. QUESTIONS???

24. Check on Learning What are the four types of aerial imagery?
What is the disadvantage of Electro-optical over optical?
What are two advantages of radar imagery?

25. Enabling Learning Objective B
Action: Learn the various angles imagery photos can be taken at and the advantages and disadvantages of each type.
Condition: Given intelligence handout and group discussion in a classroom environment.
Standard: Score 70% on a 50 question multiple choice test.

26. Angles of Photography Vertical (topographical) Oblique (low and high)
Panoramic

27. Vertical (overhead)

28. Vertical Capabilities
Fairly constant scale
Can see what is all around an object as opposed to just one side
Can be used as a map substitute
Can construct mosaics
Obtain accurate measurements
Allows stereographic viewing
Accurate interpretation

29. Vertical Limitations Difficult to see slopes Depth perception lacking
Aircraft or air vehicles must fly directly over target
Objects under overhead cover cannot be viewed
Unnatural view angle
Some targets cannot be viewed due to restrictions on over-flights

30. Low Oblique

31. High Oblique

32. Oblique Advantages More natural viewing angle
Can “see” the slope of the terrain
Can determine heights of objects
Can see under cover
Large area coverage
Stand-off capability

33. Oblique Disadvantages
Scale variations
Measurement difficult
Terrain masking

34. Panoramic

35. Panoramic Advantages Large area coverage
Satisfies both vertical and oblique mission requirements
Limited stand-off

36. Panoramic Disadvantages
Scale varies
Measurements difficult

37. IR Capabilities

38. Blossoming, Halation, and Bleed-over effect

39. IR Imagery DistortionsB
A - IR shadow (ghost effect)
B - halation

40. QUESTIONS???

41. Check on Learning What are the five types of imagery?
What are the advantages of oblique imagery?
What are the advantages of vertical imagery?