1. Shahzeeb Akhtar Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany

2. Agenda 1. Conceptual Work 2. Knowledge and its Forms 3. Learning and Innovation 4. Communities and Networks 5. Knowledge and Problems 6. Implementation

3. 1. Conceptual Work  Master´s thesis (2007) in the field of Economic Geography with the topic „How do corporations in quickly changing and knowledge intensive service sector environments optimize their information- and knowledge flow?“

4. 2. Knowledge and its Forms  Codified vs. non-codified knowledge  Possessed vs. practised knowledge  Individual vs. collective knowledge  Genereral vs. specific knowledge

5. Acknowledgement of Knowledge in Organizations  Knowledge = Accumulation of information?  Can every knowledge be codified?  Knowledge only on individual basis?  Is there only possessed knowledge?

6. Structures of Knowledge transfer  Formalized structure  Informal structure  Infrastructure

7. 3. Learning and Innovation Relationship between Knowlegde, Learning and Innovations  Active knowledge exchange  Learning effects (create new knowledge)  Innovations (by new possible combinations)

8. Individual learning – in „Routines“  Talent  Intelligence  Intensity  Discipline

9. Collective learning – in „Communities“  Learning based on engagement  Learning based on alignment  Learning based on imagination

10. The Johari Window

11. „Seven Cs of Effective Communication“  Completeness  Conciseness  Consideration  Concreteness  Correctness  Courtesy  Clarity

12. Innovations „Sparks of Innovation are triggered by the confrontation, combination, fusion, transformation of different forms of knowledge.“ Amin/Cohendet, Architectures of Knowledge (2004)

13.  Learning by searching (in an organizational search)  Learning by doing and learning by using (in a trial-and-error experimentation)  Learning through training and learning by hiring (external job rotation)  Learning by interacting (social processes within a group)

14. 4. Communities and Networks Nonaka´s 4-step model of knowledge generation in „Communities of Practice“ 1. Non-codified knowledge is shared among each other while socializing 2. Through articulation, non-codified knowledge becomes codified 3. New codified knowledge becomes standardized by combining it with the old 4. Codified knowledge becomes non-codified by using it and getting used to it

15. Embedding knowledge in networks  Relational Embeddedness: 2 actors, development of trust  Structural Embeddedness: Several actors, development of reputation among others

16. Network structures  Open networks (not everyone is connected to each other)  Closed networks (everyone is connected to each other)

17. 5. Knowledge and Problems  Transfering knowledge over spatial distances  Knowledge bound to persons  Opportunism  Moral hazard  Political behavior

18. Nash-Pareto-Problem  Pareto-Equilibrium  Nash-Equilibrium  Nash-Pareto or Pareto-Nash

19. 6. Implementation Implementing a network like Wikipedia and MindManager will avoid problems like:  Spatial distances – technical networks  Moral Hazard – information ubiquitious  Existance of too much non-codified knowledge – feeding the knowledge base

20. Implementing a social network for knowledge transfer is likely to avoid:  Opportunism  Politics  Misunderstandings by interaction

21. Using a proper implemented knowledge network leads to higher productivity through  Saving  Extending  Governing  Sharing Knowledge

22. Thank you for your attention!