1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu How to Use This Presentation To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation Transparencies Image and Math Focus Bank Bellringers Standardized Test Prep CNN Videos Visual Concepts Resources

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Table of Contents Section 1 Protists Section 2 Kinds of Protists Section 3 Fungi Chapter 11 Protists and Fungi

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists Bellringer Have you ever hear of a protist before? How many examples of protists can you think of? Why do you suppose protists are not as well known as fungi? Record your answers in your science journal. Chapter 11

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists Objectives Describe the characteristics of protists. Describe four ways that protists get food. Describe three ways that protists reproduce. Chapter 11

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists General Characteristics A protist is a member of the kingdom Protista. Most protists are single-celled organisms, but some are made of many cells, and others live in colonies. Eukaryotic Organisms All protists are eukaryotic, which means that their cells each have a nucleus. Chapter 11

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists Protists and Food Producing Food Some protists are producers. Like green plants, these protists make their own food through photosynthesis. Finding Food Some protists must get food from their environment. These protists are heterotrophs. Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food. Chapter 11

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists Protists and Food, continued Some protists are decomposers. Decomposers get energy by breaking down dead organic material. Some protists are parasites. A parasite invades another organism to get the nutrients it needs. The organism that a parasite invades is called a host. Chapter 11

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists Producing More Protists Chapter 11 Asexual Reproduction Most protists reproduce asexually. In asexual reproduction, the offspring come from just one parent. Sexual Reproduction Some protists can reproduce sexually. Sexual reproduction requires two parents.

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists Producing More Protists, continued Chapter 11 Many protists can reproduce asexually and sexually. In some protist producers, the kind of reproduction alternates by generation. For example, a parent will reproduce asexually, and its offspring will reproduce sexually.

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists Producing More Protists, continued Chapter 11 Reproductive Cycles Some protists have complex reproductive cycles. These protists may change forms many times. The next slide shows the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax, the protist that causes the disease malaria.

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists Chapter 11

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Bellringer Do you know what algae is? Have you ever seen it? What does it look like? Algae needs a lot of water in order to live. Where do you suppose most algae live? Record and illustrate your answers in your science journal. Chapter 11

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Objectives Describe how protists can be organized into three groups based on their shared traits. List an example for each group of protists. Chapter 11

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Protist Producers Scientist place protists into three groups based on their shared traits: producers, heterotrophs that can move, and heterotrophs that can’t move. Many protists are producers. Like plants, protist producers use the sun’s energy to make food through photosynthesis. These protist producers are know as algae. Chapter 11

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Protist Producers, continued Some algae are made of many cells and generally live in shallow water along the shore. You may know these algae as seaweeds. Phytoplankton are the microscopic algae that float near the surface of marine or fresh water. Chapter 11

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Protist Producers, continued Red Algae Most of the world’s seaweeds are red algae and live in tropical oceans, attached to rocks or to other algae. Green Algae The green algae are the most diverse group of protist producers. Most live in water or moist soil. But others live in melting snow, on tree trunks, and inside other organisms. Chapter 11

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Protist Producers, continued Brown Algae Most of the seaweeds found in cool climates are brown algae. They attach to rocks or form large floating beds in ocean waters. Diatoms are single celled. They are found in both salt water and fresh water and make up a large percentage of phytoplankton. Chapter 11

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Protist Producers, continued Dinoflagellates have two whiplike strands called flagella. The beating of these flagella causes the cells to spin through the water. Most dinoflagellates live in salt water, but some live in fresh water or snow. Euglenoids are single-celled protists and live in fresh water. Many euglenoids are producers, but can also get food as heterotrophs. Other eugelnoids are full time consumers or decomposers. Chapter 11

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can Move Heterotrophic protists that can move are often called protozoans. Amoebas and similar amoeba-like protists are soft, jellylike protozoans. They are found in both fresh and salt water, in soil, and as parasites in animals. Although amoebas look shapeless, they are highly structured cells. Chapter 11

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can Move, continued Amoebic Movement Amoebas and amoeba-like protists move with pseudopodia. Pseudopodia means “false feet.” Amoebas and amoeba-like protists use pseudopodia to catch food, too. Shelled Amoeba-Like Protists Not all amoeba- like protists look shapeless. Some have an outer shell. Chapter 11

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 11 Section 2 Kinds of Protists Movement of an Amoeba Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can Move, continued Zooflagellates Flagellates are protists that wave flagella back and forth to move. Some flagellates live in water. Others live in the bodies of other organisms. Chapter 11

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can Move, continued Ciliates Ciliates are complex protists. They have hundreds of tiny, hairlike structures known as cilia. Ciliates use their cilia for movement and also for feeding. The best-known genus of ciliates is Paramecium. Chapter 11

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Chapter 11

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can’t Move Some protist heterotrophs are parasites that do not move about. Others can only move at certain phases of their life cycle. Spore-Forming Protists Most spore-forming protists are parasites. They absorb nutrients from their hosts. Spore-forming protists have complicated life cycles that usually include two or more hosts. Chapter 11

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can’t Move, continued Water Molds live in water, moist soil, or other organisms. Some of them are decomposers and thus eat dead matter. But many are parasites. Slime Molds can move only at certain phases of their life cycle. Live in cool, moist places in the woods. They use pseudipodia to move around. But when environmental conditions are stressful, they form spores that cannot move. Chapter 11

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Bellringer Many people love to eat mushrooms. What are mushrooms? There are many different types of edible mushrooms. How many can you name that you’ve eaten? How many mushrooms can you name that are available at your grocery store to eat? Record your answers in your science journal. Chapter 11

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Objectives Describe the characteristics of fungi. Distinguish between the four main groups of fungi. Explain how lichens affect their environment. Chapter 11

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Characteristics of Fungi Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have rigid cell walls and no chlorophyll. They are so different from other organisms that they are placed in their own kingdom. Food for Fungi Fungi cannot catch or surround food. Fungi must live on or near their food supply. Most fungi are consumers, but some are decomposers and others are parasites. Chapter 11

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Characteristics of Fungi, continued Hidden from View Multicellular fungi are made up of chains of cells called hyphae. Most of the hyphae grow together form an underground mass called the mycelium, which makes up the major part of the fungus. Chapter 11

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Characteristics of Fungi, continued Making More Fungi Reproduction in fungi may be either asexual or sexual. In one type of asexual reproduction, the hyphae break apart, and each new piece becomes a new fungus. Chapter 11

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Characteristics of Fungi, continued Asexual reproduction can also take place by the production of spores. Spores are small reproductive cells that are protected by a thick cell wall. When the growing conditions are right, a spore will grow into a new fungus. Sexual reproduction in fungi happens when special structures form to make sex cells. The sex cells join to produce sexual spores that grow into a new fungus. Chapter 11

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Kinds of Fungi Fungi are classified based on their shape and the way that they reproduce. Threadlike Fungi Most threadlike fungi live in the soil and are decomposers. However, some threadlike fungi are parasites. Molds are a threadlike fungi. Threadlike fungi can reproduce asexually or sexually. Chapter 11

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Kinds of Fungi, continued Sac Fungi are the largest group of fungi. Sac fungi include yeasts, powdery mildews, truffles, and morels. Sac fungi can reproduce both asexually and sexually during their life cycles. Most of the time, they use asexual reproduction. Chapter 11

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Kinds of Fungi, continued Club Fungi Mushrooms belong to a group of fungi called club fungi. Club fungi reproduce sexually. During reproduction, they grow special hyphae that form clublike structures. Nonmushroom Club Fungi Mushrooms are not the only club fungi. Bracket fungi, puff-balls, smuts, and rusts are also club fungi. Chapter 11

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Kinds of Fungi, continued Imperfect Fungi The imperfect fungi group includes all of the species of fungi that do not quite fit in the other groups. These fungi do not reproduce sexually. Most imperfect fungi are parasites that cause diseases in plants and animals. But some imperfect fungi, such as Penicillium, are useful. Chapter 11

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 11 Section 3 Fungi Types of Fungi Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Lichens A lichen is a combination of a fungus and an alga that grow together. The alga actually lives inside the protective walls of the fungus. Unlike fungi, lichens are producers. The algae produce food through photosynthesis. And unlike algae, the fungi keeps the lichen from drying out. Lichens are found in almost every land environment. Chapter 11

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Protists and Fungi Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. Chapter 11 algae slime molds asexual protists eukaryotes amoebas sexual fungi decomposers host

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Concept Map Chapter 11

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Concept Map Chapter 11

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu End of Chapter 11 Show

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 1 For centuries, people living near Cueva de Villa Luz (the Cave of the Lighted House) in Mexico have walked past slimy globs that drip from the cave’s ceiling without thinking much about them. When scientists decided to analyze these slime balls, they discovered that the formations are home to billions of microscopic organisms! Scientists nicknamed these colonies “snot-tites” because the colonies resemble mucus. Actually, the “snot-tites”are a mixture of fungi and bacteria. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In the passage, what does resemble mean? A to look like B to feel like C to smell like D to sound like Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In the passage, what does resemble mean? A to look like B to feel like C to smell like D to sound like Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? F Many kinds of organisms live in Cueva de Villa Luz. G The people of Mexico ignore the snot-tites. H Scientists found no explanation for the slime balls that are in Cueva de Villa Luz. I Cueva de Villa Luz’s ceiling is dripping with microscopic organisms. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? F Many kinds of organisms live in Cueva de Villa Luz. G The people of Mexico ignore the snot-tites. H Scientists found no explanation for the slime balls that are in Cueva de Villa Luz. I Cueva de Villa Luz’s ceiling is dripping with microscopic organisms. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. The microscopic organisms discovered by scientists A are fungi. B are bacteria. C are a mixture of fungi and bacteria. D are a mixture of protists and fungi. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. The microscopic organisms discovered by scientists A are fungi. B are bacteria. C are a mixture of fungi and bacteria. D are a mixture of protists and fungi. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 2 Between 1845 and 1852, Ireland lost one- third of its population. In 1846, a disease swept through the potato fields of Ireland. In just a few weeks, it destroyed almost the entire crop of potatoes. Because the Irish depended on potatoes for food, people were dying of starvation each day. Continued on the next slide Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 2, continued About 2 million people fled the country to find a place to live where they could find enough food. The cause of all of these deaths and this devastation was a simple organism. The disease was caused by a water mold, which is a kind of protist. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

54. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. What caused the population of Ireland to decline between 1845 and 1852? A a fungus B a water mold C a potato D poisonous potatoes Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

55. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. What caused the population of Ireland to decline between 1845 and 1852? A a fungus B a water mold C a potato D poisonous potatoes Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

56. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. According to the passage, why did the population of Ireland decline? F A disease swept through the people of Ireland. G Some people died of starvation, and others fled the country. H A simple organism infected the people of Ireland. I When people ate potatoes, they became sick. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

57. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. According to the passage, why did the population of Ireland decline? F A disease swept through the people of Ireland. G Some people died of starvation, and others fled the country. H A simple organism infected the people of Ireland. I When people ate potatoes, they became sick. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

58. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? A People in Ireland have always depended on potatoes for food. B Protists are parasitic and cause disease. C About 2 million people fled Ireland between 1845 and 1852. D Food is more readily available in the United States than it is in Ireland. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

59. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? A People in Ireland have always depended on potatoes for food. B Protists are parasitic and cause disease. C About 2 million people fled Ireland between 1845 and 1852. D Food is more readily available in the United States than it is in Ireland. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

60. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interpreting Graphics The table shows the number of species in different phyla of protists. Use this table to answer the questions that follow. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

61. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Which phylum has the largest number of species? A Rhizopoda B Bacillariophyta C Ciliophora D Euglenophyta Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

62. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Which phylum has the largest number of species? A Rhizopoda B Bacillariophyta C Ciliophora D Euglenophyta Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

63. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Which phylum has the smallest number of species? F Acrasiomycota G Rhizopoda H Chlorophyta I Bacillariophyta Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

64. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Which phylum has the smallest number of species? F Acrasiomycota G Rhizopoda H Chlorophyta I Bacillariophyta Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

65. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. If the total number of species of protists is 43,000, what percentage of species are in the phylum Bacillariophyta? A 0.27% B 3.7% C 27% D 374% Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

66. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. If the total number of species of protists is 43,000, what percentage of species are in the phylum Bacillariophyta? A 0.27% B 3.7% C 27% D 374% Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

67. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. If the total number of species of protists is 43,000, what percentage of species are in the phylum Rhizopoda? F 0.7% G 1.4% H 7% I 143% Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

68. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. If the total number of species of protists is 43,000, what percentage of species are in the phylum Rhizopoda? F 0.7% G 1.4% H 7% I 143% Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

69. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Math Read each question and choose the best answer. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

70. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Beth had $300 in her savings account when she started her summer job as an assistant to a commercial mushroom grower. If she put $25 into her savings account each month, which equation could be used to find n, the number of months it took Beth to increase her savings to $1,000? A 1,000 = 300  n B 1,000 = 25n C 1,000 = 25n  300 D 1,000 = 300n  25 Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

71. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Beth had $300 in her savings account when she started her summer job as an assistant to a commercial mushroom grower. If she put $25 into her savings account each month, which equation could be used to find n, the number of months it took Beth to increase her savings to $1,000? A 1,000 = 300  n B 1,000 = 25n C 1,000 = 25n  300 D 1,000 = 300n  25 Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

72. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. If you want to determine whether a polygon-shaped protist has the shape of a pentagon, which of the following pieces of information do you need to know? F the area G the length of the diagonal H the number of sides I the number of faces Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

73. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. If you want to determine whether a polygon-shaped protist has the shape of a pentagon, which of the following pieces of information do you need to know? F the area G the length of the diagonal H the number of sides I the number of faces Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

74. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Marcus had an average score of 90% on two biology tests about protists. If his first test score was 96%, which score did he receive on the second test? A 45% B 84% C 90% D 102% Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

75. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Marcus had an average score of 90% on two biology tests about protists. If his first test score was 96%, which score did he receive on the second test? A 45% B 84% C 90% D 102% Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

76. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Chapter 11

77. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Chapter 11

78. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation