1. Plant and FungiReproduction Campbell 9 th Ed Chapter 38- Plants Chapter 31- Fungi

2. Outline Formation of Angiosperm Gametes Formation of Angiosperm Gametes Pollination Pollination –Self Pollination Fertilization Fertilization Life Cycle of Plants Life Cycle of Plants Life Cycle of Fungi Life Cycle of Fungi

3. Four main groups of plants Moss- No vascular tissue, no seeds Moss- No vascular tissue, no seeds Fern- Vascular tissue but no seeds Fern- Vascular tissue but no seeds Gymnosperm- Vascular tissue and seeds (ex: pine tree) Gymnosperm- Vascular tissue and seeds (ex: pine tree) Angiosperm- Flowering Plants- Vascular Tissue, Seeds and Flowers Angiosperm- Flowering Plants- Vascular Tissue, Seeds and Flowers All this reflects evolution from ___ to ___ All this reflects evolution from ___ to ___

4. What’s weird about plant life cycles? Alternation of generations

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2n2n 2n2n Egg Mitosis Spore 2n2n Sporophyte (2n) Sporangia Spore mother cell Spores n n n n Gametophyte (n) Gamete fusion Sperm Embryo Zygote Meiosis Haploid Diploid

6. What that looks like in a fern…

8. Angiosperms

9. Pathways to Flower Production Genetically regulated flowering pathways Genetically regulated flowering pathways –light-dependent short-day plants short-day plants long-day plants long-day plants day-neutral plants day-neutral plants –temperature-dependent vernalization - period of chilling vernalization - period of chilling

10. Structures- Shown on next slide Female Structures. Female Structures. –single or fused carpels also referred to as simple or compound pistils ovules produced in pistil’s swollen ovary ovules produced in pistil’s swollen ovary –style - slender neck –stigma – pollen receptive structure Male Structures Male Structures –Stamen- male structures Anther- pollen producing Anther- pollen producing Filament – stalk Filament – stalk

11. Angiosperm Flower

12. Alternation of generations in an angiosperm.

13. Formation of Angiosperm Gametes * All plant sexual life cycles are characterized by an alternation of generations. All plant sexual life cycles are characterized by an alternation of generations. –Diploid sporophyte gives rise to haploid gametophyte generation. Male gametophytes - Pollen grains- microspore Male gametophytes - Pollen grains- microspore Female gametophyte - Embryo sac- megaspore Female gametophyte - Embryo sac- megaspore *This is to help you understand the next diagram, but not in the scope of testing. *This is to help you understand the next diagram, but not in the scope of testing.

14. Formation of Angiosperm Gametes Pollen Formation Pollen Formation –Microspore mother cells are microspore producing cells Microspores make sperm (Megaspores are female) Microspores make sperm (Megaspores are female) –Each pollen sac contains specialized chambers enclosing microspore mother cells. Undergo meiosis to form four haploid microspores. Undergo meiosis to form four haploid microspores. –Pollen grain shapes are specialized for specific flower species. –Pollen of some plants causes hypersensitivity response in some people.

15. Formation of Angiosperm Gametes * Embryo Sac Embryo Sac –Megaspore mother cell found within each ovule. Undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores. Undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores. –Usually only one survives and the other three are absorbed by the ovule. Remaining megaspore undergoes mitosis and produces eight haploid nuclei enclosed in an embryo sac. Remaining megaspore undergoes mitosis and produces eight haploid nuclei enclosed in an embryo sac. –* This is to help you understand the next diagram, but not in the scope of testing.

16. Pollen Grain and Embryo Sac Formation

17. Fertilization Double Fertilization results in two key developments: Double Fertilization results in two key developments: –Fertilization of the egg. –Formation of endosperm. Pollen grains adhere to the stigma and grow a pollen tube that pierces the style. Pollen grains adhere to the stigma and grow a pollen tube that pierces the style. –Grows until it reaches the ovule in the ovary.

18. Pollen Tube Formation and Fertilization

19. Alternation of Generations and Fitness By alternating, plants can continue their life cycle even when there is no reproductive partner. By alternating, plants can continue their life cycle even when there is no reproductive partner. Spores resist adverse conditions such as drought, extreme heat, and extreme cold. Spores resist adverse conditions such as drought, extreme heat, and extreme cold.

20. Moss and ferns rely on water for their swimming sperm Moss and ferns rely on water for their swimming sperm

21. Alternation of generations in an angiosperm.

22. Diploid Haploid

23. Seasonal Reproduction Plants in N. America can time their reproduction to give them the best chance of reproductive success. Plants in N. America can time their reproduction to give them the best chance of reproductive success. Some angiosperms are biennial. They take two years to go through one cycle. This may allow them to become hardier. (They can also change this timing in response to environment). Some angiosperms are biennial. They take two years to go through one cycle. This may allow them to become hardier. (They can also change this timing in response to environment). Diapause- becoming dormant in adverse conditions. Diapause- becoming dormant in adverse conditions.

24. Fungi

25. The Body of a Fungus Fungi exist mainly in the form of slender filaments (hyphae). Fungi exist mainly in the form of slender filaments (hyphae). –long chains of cells joined end-to-end divided by cross-walls (septa) rarely form complete barrier rarely form complete barrier cytoplasm freely streams in hyphae cytoplasm freely streams in hyphae –mycelium - mass of connected hyphae grows through and penetrates substrate grows through and penetrates substrate

26. What’s weird about fungi reproduction?

27. How Fungi Reproduce Differ from most animals and plants in that each compartment of hypha can contain one, two or more nuclei Differ from most animals and plants in that each compartment of hypha can contain one, two or more nuclei –monokaryotic - each compartment has a single nucleus –dikaryotic - two distinct nuclei within each hyphae compartment

28. How Fungi Reproduce Fungi are capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction. Fungi are capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction. –Fungi reproduce sexually after two hyphae of opposite mating type fuse. Some fungi have dikaryotic stage (1n + 1n) before parental nuclei fuse to form diploid nucleus Some fungi have dikaryotic stage (1n + 1n) before parental nuclei fuse to form diploid nucleus

29. Ascomycota

30. Sordaria- Remember this slide from the meiosis lab? You are looking at a fungus, Sordaria You are looking at a fungus, Sordaria The structures you see are called asci (ascus- singular), they are the product of meiosis. The structures you see are called asci (ascus- singular), they are the product of meiosis. Count 50 asci. Tally the number that show crossover/ no-crossover. Count 50 asci. Tally the number that show crossover/ no-crossover. Divide the crossover frequency by 2 to get map units (centimorgans). Divide the crossover frequency by 2 to get map units (centimorgans).

31. Basidiomycota

32. Metabolic Pathways of Fungi Anaerobic fermentation provides flavor for wine and cheese. Anaerobic fermentation provides flavor for wine and cheese. Biochemical manufacturing of organic substances Biochemical manufacturing of organic substances –food –pharmaceuticals Yeasts break down carbon-containing products. Yeasts break down carbon-containing products. –bioremediation

33. Ecology of Fungi Fungi and bacteria are the principal decomposers in the biosphere. Fungi and bacteria are the principal decomposers in the biosphere. –mineral cycling Fungi are virtually the only organisms capable of breaking down lignin- (found in wood). Fungi are virtually the only organisms capable of breaking down lignin- (found in wood). Fungi often act as disease-causing organisms for both plants and animals. Fungi often act as disease-causing organisms for both plants and animals. –agricultural damage- corn rust (also wheat rust, rye rust), potato blight –human health

34. Ecology of Fungi Mutualistic associations Mutualistic associations –lichens - fungi and green algae Mutual relationship Mutual relationship Primary succession Primary succession –mycorrhizae - fungi and plant roots Mutual relationship- Mutual relationship- may be food  protection may be food  protection Fungi on root may help plant absorb water/ minerals Fungi on root may help plant absorb water/ minerals

36. Go to fruit ppt Go to fruit ppt