1. Fig. 1

2. a b Fig. 2 Maximum number of GUS foci / explant
Portion of Leaf
% Regenerating explants b
Kanamycin concentration in mg l-1 a
% Regeneration inhibition
% Regenerating explants
Maximum number of GUS foci / explant
Fig. 2

3. a b c d
Fig. 3

4. c a b d Fig. 4 % Regenerating explants
Maximum number of GUS foci / explant
Bacterial Density at OD600 b
% Regenerating explants
Maximum number of GUS foci / explant
Co-inoculation duration in minutes
% Regenerating explants
Maximum number of GUS foci / explant
% Regenerating explants
Maximum number of GUS foci / explant d
% Regenerating explants
Maximum number of GUS foci / explant
Co-cultivation duration in days c
% Regenerating explants
Maximum number of GUS foci / explant
Acetosyringone concentration in µM
% Regenerating explants
Maximum number of GUS foci / explant
% Regenerating explants
Maximum number of GUS foci / explant
Fig. 4

5. b a c d j k h i f g e l m n o
Fig. 5

6. C -C M
C -C M
720 bp
600 bp a b
Withanolide A
Withanone
Withaferin A
1 2 3 c
Fig. 6

7. XbaI
HindIII
BamHI
EcoRI
SacI
SalI
BamHI
SalI LB RB
Pnos
nptII
Tnos
P35S
Intron-gusA
Tnos
P35S
hptII
Tnos
Supplementary Fig. 1 Schematic representation of chimeric vector pIG121Hm used in Withania coagulans transformation. LB left border; Pnos nopaline synthase promoter; nptII neomycin phosphotransferase gene; Tnos nopaline synthase terminator; P35S CaMV Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter; gusA intron containing β-glucuronidase gene; hptII hygromycin phosphotransferase gene and RB right border of T-DNA.