1. Rome: The Early Empire SS.A.2.4.4-5; SS.A.2.2.4; SS.B.1.4.4

2. Age of Augustus 27 B.C.: Octavian calls for “restoration of the Republic”, to satisfy the Senate 27 B.C.: Octavian calls for “restoration of the Republic”, to satisfy the Senate Restored only republican form, not function Restored only republican form, not function Senate given some power, but not much Senate given some power, but not much Senate gives Octavian title of “Augustus” or “revered one” Senate gives Octavian title of “Augustus” or “revered one” Augustus’ power comes from his control of the army—Senate gives him title imperator (commander in chief) Augustus’ power comes from his control of the army—Senate gives him title imperator (commander in chief) Augustus reorganizes the army into legions (5,000 Roman citizens); and stabilizes the empire Augustus reorganizes the army into legions (5,000 Roman citizens); and stabilizes the empire

3. Death of Caesar Augustus A.D. 14: Caesar Octavian Augustus dies A.D. 14: Caesar Octavian Augustus dies As emperor, Augustus creates a new political system As emperor, Augustus creates a new political system Emperors were allowed to choose their successor from their natural or adopted fam Emperors were allowed to choose their successor from their natural or adopted fam First four emperors after Augustus come from his family: Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius & Nero First four emperors after Augustus come from his family: Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius & Nero

4. Augustus’ Emperors First four emperors take many of the powers Augustus gave to the Senate First four emperors take many of the powers Augustus gave to the Senate More power=more corruption More power=more corruption Nero, after killing his own mother, loses the respect of the army, and after his guards leave him, he commits suicide Nero, after killing his own mother, loses the respect of the army, and after his guards leave him, he commits suicide After Nero’s death, Augustus’ family never again rules Rome, replaced by “Good Emperors” After Nero’s death, Augustus’ family never again rules Rome, replaced by “Good Emperors”

5. Pax Romana Five Good Emperors: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius & Marcus Aurelius Five Good Emperors: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius & Marcus Aurelius Pax Romana: “Roman Peace” lasts for almost 100 years Pax Romana: “Roman Peace” lasts for almost 100 years Ruling families respected, end of arbitrary executions, peace in the empire Ruling families respected, end of arbitrary executions, peace in the empire More power to emperors, less to Senate More power to emperors, less to Senate Building projects: harbors, bridges, aqueducts Building projects: harbors, bridges, aqueducts

6. Growth of the Empire New lands added: Dacia (Romania), Mesopotamia, Sinai Peninsula—Trajan New lands added: Dacia (Romania), Mesopotamia, Sinai Peninsula—Trajan Hadrian: pulls troops from far away provinces, strengthens forts b/w Rhine and Danube rivers, builds defensive wall across northern Britain to keep out Scots Hadrian: pulls troops from far away provinces, strengthens forts b/w Rhine and Danube rivers, builds defensive wall across northern Britain to keep out Scots An empire so large proves dificult to defend An empire so large proves dificult to defend

7. Managing the Empire Cities=important Cities=important Facilitated the spread of Roman law, language and culture Facilitated the spread of Roman law, language and culture Legions stationed at forts on frontiers Legions stationed at forts on frontiers Many people given rights of citizens Many people given rights of citizens Latin=official language in west Latin=official language in west Greek=official language in east Greek=official language in east Mixing of Greek and Roman culture= Greco-Roman culture Mixing of Greek and Roman culture= Greco-Roman culture

8. Economy of the Early Empire Pax Romana= prosperity Pax Romana= prosperity Peace= high level of trade= $$$$ Peace= high level of trade= $$$$ Trade extended outside empire, even included silk from China Trade extended outside empire, even included silk from China Farming remained chief economic driver Farming remained chief economic driver Luxury good in high demand Luxury good in high demand Big separation b/w rich and poor Big separation b/w rich and poor