2. Geography
Italy- important crossroads b/w western and eastern Mediterranean Sea-
Governing Roman empire- easier because of their central location.

3. Geography Peninsula Apennine Mountains Broad fertile plains
Po River valley
The plain of Latium
Campania
Tiber River

4. Rome

5. Greeks & Etruscans Greeks est. colonies in Italy b/w 750 & 550 b.c.e
Introduced cultivation of grapes & olives
Greek Alphabet
Art, architecture, & literature
Etruscans
650 b.c.e. expanded into N.C. Italy, eventually controlling Rome & most of Latium
Turned Rome Into a city
Romans adopted Etruscan dress & military organization

6. 750 b.c.e.

7. Greek Ampatheater

8. Roman Coliseum

9. Pantheon
ROMAN pantheon

10. Greek Statue vs. Roman Statue

11. Tarquin [Etruscan] Rulers of Rome
Reign of Romulus
BCE
Numa Pompilius
BCE
Tullius Hostillius
BCE
Anchus Marcius
BCE
Lucius Tarquinian Priscus
BCE
Servius Tullius
BCE
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
BCE
509 BCE  Roman Revolt  Republic Established!

12. The Roman Republic
By 264 b.c.e. Romans had conquered nearly all of Italy
Republic- a form of govt in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote
Roman Republic
Consul
Praetor
Senate

13. Social classes Patricians Plebeians
wealthy landowners
Plebeians
merchants, craftspeople, small farmers
Both paid taxes, owed military service and could vote
Only Patricians could be elected to gov’t

14. The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE
Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

15. Roman Law 12 Tables Law of Nations Civil law only applied to citizens
Natural/universal law
Established standards of justice to all ppl.

16. Struggle of the Orders Plebeians resented social restrictions-
By 471 b.c.e Plebeians gained more social equality.
By 287 b.c.e All male Roman citizens were supposedly equal under the law.
Council of the Plebs
Tribune of Plebs
By 4th century b.c.e marriage was allowed b/w orders
1. Prohibition of marriage b/w the orders

17. Carthaginian Empire

18. Punic Wars b.c.e
A series of wars to control the Mediterranean area
Rome controlled Italy
Carthage- great Phoenician trading center- N. Coast of Africa

19. Rome defeated Carthage
Rome controlled Mediterranean Area
Carthage is destroyed, salt poured on fields
Shown as an example not to battle with Rome

20. The 2nd Punic War Hannibal – Carthage General, Invaded Italy
Marched north crossing over the alps
Closest Rome came to losing the wars
Never made a decisive win

21. Scipio Africanus- Roman General
Invaded Carthage
Forced Hannibal to turn around and return to Carthage

22. Hannibal’s Route

23. Reform Leaders Military Reformer Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land.
Military Reformer
Gaius Marius
recruited an army from the poorand homeless.
professional standing army.

24. How do you think the actions of Marius & Sulla influenced the future of Rome?

25. Republic Begins to Decline

26. I. Collapse of the Roman Republic
Wide gap b/w the rich and poor led to a period of civil war.
Generals recruited soldiers by promising them land
Loyalty of ppl was only to commander, not to the Republic
New leader emerged to bring order back
Julius Caesar

27. II. 1st Triumvirate 59 b.c.e
Caesar (General), Pompey (General), & Crassus ($)
Joined together to Run Rome, chose three to eliminate a tie decision
Officially they had no real power, but the ppl followed the Triumvirate, not the senate.

28. III. Gallic Wars Rome vs. Gauls (barbarian Tribe)
Caesar is the General of the Roman Army, winning many battles in Gaul (France)
Crassus was killed in battle (Syria)
now only two of the Triumvirates are alive.
Pompey- gets senate’s support
Told Caesar to return home w/o his army.

29. Civil War & Dictators
Julius Caesar
Pompey

30. Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC
The Die is Cast!

31. IV. Caesar Defeats Pompey
Caesar defeated Pompey in Italy, Greece, & finally Egypt
Caesar made dictator 47 b.c.e
Dictator for life in 44 b.c.e.
Reforms
Increased Senate
Land reforms
Granted citizenship to supporters

32. Caesar & Cleopatra Cleopatra – Ptolemy’s sister
Caesar & Cleopatra become an item
48 b.c.e. Ptolemy is pulled from the throne by Caesar
Cleopatra is put on the throne

33. Caesar becomes a threat
Growing popularity and power
Senate fears he will be king
Caesar secretly makes a will
HE adopts his grandnephew- Octavius, making him heir
March 15th- Caesar is assassinated in the Senate
Lead by Cassius & Brutus

34. Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE

35. The Second Triumvirate
Octavian Augustus
Caesar’s nephew
Marc Antony
Caesar’s Friend
Marcus Lepidus

36. 2nd Triumvirate Antony marries Cleopatra
This makes Cleopatra & Antony entitled to Caesars’ heir, instead of Octavius
Octaviuis defeats Cleopatra & Antony during Civil War
Octavius renamed Augustus
1st Emperor of Rome

37. The
Roman Empire:
27 BCE CE

38. Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

39. The First Roman Dynasty

40. Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

41. The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

42. The Rise of Christianity

43. Triumph of Christianity
Persecution
Constantine and the Peace of the Church
Outlawing of polytheism 394 c.e.

44. St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

45. The Spread of Christianity

46. Imperial Roman Road System

47. The Empire in Crisis: 3c

48. Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

49. Constantine:

50. Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

51. Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

52. Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God”

53. Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

54. The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

55. The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

56. The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language
Roman Catholic Church
City Planning
Romanesque Architectural Style
Roman Engineering
Aqueducts
Sewage systems
Dams
Cement
Arch