1. Submersibles and Self-Contained Diving How the oceans were studied was changed forever by the submersibles and self- contained diving. – Instead of grabbing samples blindly, a scientist could ________________________ – Scientists could ____________without ____________and living organisms without killing them. – Scientists ________________________ the geology, life, and other phenomena without taking any samples.

2. Submersibles Three types of submersibles used for underwater research: – Bathysphere - – Bathyscaphe – – Deep-diving submersibles.

3. Self-Contained Diving In 1840, Augustus Siebe introduced the first practical dive equipment; __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________. – Used mainly for underwater construction, salvage, and ship maintenance. Limited because it is heavy and requires a support team and vessel. In 1878, Englishman Henry Fleuss introduced the first workable self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, called scuba today. In 1943, Jacques Cousteau introduced the first practical scuba.

4. ROVs, AUVs, Electronic Navigation, and Satellites Technology such as electronics and space travel have provided four important contributions to oceanography: – 1. Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) became common in the late 1970s..

5. – 2. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) AUVs are untethered robotic devices propelled through the water by self-contained power systems. ________________________________ ____, AUVs are launched from the surface and are maneuvered in three dimensions. AUVs sample the ocean along precise preprogrammed underwater paths.

6. – 3. The first electronic navigation came into use in the late 1960s. LORAN (LOng RAnge Navigation), later called Loran-C, used land based radio transmitters along the coasts.

7. ROVs, AUVs, Electronic Navigation, and Satellites (continued) – 4. Satellites – sea surface observations. Satellites orbit the Earth and assist oceanographers with global observations of the oceans. Satellites assist oceanographers in understanding the influence and effect of the oceans on the global climate systems. Information gathered from satellites helps to validate computer models that numerically simulate climatic events.

8. – 5. In the 1990s, GPS (Global Positioning System) replaced the Loran. Electronic navigation has been very important for oceanographers: – Scientists know where they are when they take samples or conduct research. – They can provide this information to other scientists who need to conduct research in the same location. – Makes navigation significantly more accurate and easy.

9. ROVs, AUVs, Electronic Navigation, and Satellites (continued) How GPS works. – GPS uses triangulation to accurately determine a position on Earth. Satellite 1 _______________________________. This process is repeated for 2 and 3. Where the three signals meet at the GPS is _______________________________. – Satellite 4’s signal is required to obtain the _______________ of the GPS unit. In the 1990s, GPS replaced Loran. – GPS is based on signals from orbiting satellites and works everywhere on Earth, all the time, in all weather and is accurate – to within 1-2 meters (3-6 feet).

11. Three types of sea surface observations made by satellites to benefit oceanographers: – 1. Provide long-time continuous measurements of variables such as sea-surface height, shape, temperature, and color over the entire planet. – 2. Can detect algae blooms and river plumbs, monitor pollution, and assist oceanographers in understanding the influence and effect of the oceans on the global climate system. – 3. Can look at very large areas of the world in a very short period of time.