1. Plant Structures, Reproduction, and Responses

2. Levels of Organization

3. Copy this graphic organizer into your journal

4. What are the 2 Types of Plants?
BRYOPHYTES
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
NO tissue to transport water and nutrients
NON Vascular
TRACHEOPHYTES
Vascular plants
Have tissue for transporting water and nutrients

5. What is Vascular Tissue?
Function: to transport water and nutrients between roots, stems, and leaves
2 Types:
Xylem: transports water from roots to shoots
Phloem: transports sugar from leaves to roots (and the rest of the plant)
Like our circulatory system
Stem Cross-Section

6. What are the organs of the plant?
Roots
Stems
Leaves

7. What kinds of roots are there?
STRUCTURE:
Taproot – long, thick root that is the main root of the plant
Fibrous roots – many, smaller branching roots

8. What are the functions of Roots?
Anchor the plant to the ground
Absorb water and minerals
Store sugars or starches

9. What are the functions of the Stem?
Growth of the plant, including production of leaves, branches, and flowers
Support – stems hold leaves up to the light
Transport of water and sugars between the roots and leaves

10. What are the functions of the leaf?
Photosynthesis – plant cells use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Transpiration – water is pulled from the roots and stems of the plant as it evaporates from the surface of the leaves
Gas exchange – leaves take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen and water vapor into the air

11. What are the Parts of a Leaf?
blade: the flat part of the leaf that catches sun
Petiole: the thin stalk that attaches the leaf to the stem

12. Important Leaf structures
Stomata / Stoma
Pores on the undersides of leaves
Control transpiration rate and allow gas exchange
Guard cells are specialized cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata
No line

13. Draw and label this in your journal.

14. What are some examples of Modified Leaves?
Tendrils for climbing
Spines to reduce transpiration rate
Succulent Leaves for water storage
Bracts to attract pollinators

15. What is Transpiration? Loss of water from a plant through its leaves.
The force that pulls water from the roots up to the leaves.

16. What is a Conifer (Gymnosperm)?
Plants that produce seeds in cones
No fruit = “Naked seed”

17. What are Angiosperms?
Flowering plants
Produce seeds inside fruit
                                                                                                           

18. What are the 2 types of Flowering Plants?
Monocots
Contain ONE seed leaf
Dicots
Contain TWO seed leaves

19. What is a Cotyledon? The seed leaf (inside the seed)
One cotyledon (seed leaf)
Two cotyledons (seed leaves)

20. What are flowers?
Modified leaves that are for sexual reproduction

21. draw and label flower in your journal

22. What is the Pistil ? Female Reproductive Structure
stigma receives the pollen from the anther
pollen grows a tube down through the style
ovary produces females gamete and protects developing seed
Draw this in your journal

23. What is the Stamen? Male Reproductive Structure
anther produces pollen
pollen - male gamete, powder
filament is a stalk that supports the anther
Draw this in your journal

24. What is Pollination?
The transfer of pollen from a stamen to a pistil

25. What are some Methods of Pollination?
Wind
Water
Gravity
Insects/animals

26. The union of the pollen and ovule
What is Fertilization?
Pollen lands on stigma
Travels down style
Joins with ovule
Ovary becomes fruit
Seeds develop inside fruit
The union of the pollen and ovule

27. What are the steps of fertilization?
Draw this in your journal
Pollen lands on stigma
Travels down style
Joins with ovule
Ovary becomes fruit
Seeds develop inside fruit

28. What is Germination?
When the baby plant sprouts from the seed and begins to grow

29. What are Tropisms?
A plants’ growth in a certain direction in response to a stimuli

30. What are the types of tropisms?
Phototropism - growth towards light
Geotropism – response to gravity
Roots toward gravity (+)
Stems and leaves away from gravity (-)
Hydrotropism – growth towards water
Thigmotropism – response to TOUCH!

31. What are some Plant Hormones?
Auxins – controls growth and cell elongation, inhibits lateral (side) growth, stimulates root growth
Cytokinins – stimulates cell division, opposite of auxins
Gibberellins – stimulates growth and stimulates seed germination
Abscisic Acid – slows or stops cell division (growth), promotes seed dormancy
Ethylene – stimulates fruits to ripen, causes leaves to fall in autumn