1. Thursday, February 23rd Plant Growth and Structure

2. The Plant Body The plant body is divided into two main parts 1. Roots: Anchors plants in the ground and absorbs water and minerals 2. Shoots: above ground framework for leaves, flowers, and fruits

3. Two form of Root Systems Taproot Fibrous Root System

4. Taproot Large central root (primary root) off which smaller roots (lateral roots) grow Taproots have small surface area so they are not as effective at absorbing water and nutrients However, the large root can store nutrients and water – Think of a CARROT Advantage to plants that grow in regions of minimal water

5. Taproot

6. Fibrous Root System Composed of a diffuse system of roots, no single main root Greater surface area and extends further absorbing more water and nutrients Ex: ferns and grass

7. Fibrous Root System

8. Root System Parts & Functions Primary Root - Central root of plant, extending from the stem Lateral roots - Roots growing directly off the primary root Root Hairs - Hairs that extend from the root and greatly increase surface area

9. Apical Root Meristem Apical Root Meristem - Cell growth at the tip of the primary root, required for growth of the plant body Root Cap – protects the root, these cells are sloughed off and replaced as the root moves through the soil

11. Meristem Cells are not differentiated yet – they are like stem cells for plants When they divide, they produce another meristem cell and a differentiated cell

12. Types of Growth Primary growth – results in increase of length (height in shoots, depth in roots) Secondary Growth – result in increase of diameter

13. Vascular Tissue (in roots and shoots) Cells arranged to form tubes through which water and nutrients can flow through the plant Two Types: – Xylem conveys water and minerals up the root – Phloem conveys the product of photosynthesis down from the leaves

14. Structures in the Stem The stem provides structural support for the plants leaves, flowers, and fruits Nodes - the point where the leaves are connected to the stem Internodes – stretches of stem between the nodes

15. Structures in the Stem Terminal Buds - Underdeveloped shoot at the tip of a stem Auxiliary buds - Underdeveloped shoot where petiole (joins stem to leaf) meets the stem Apical Shoot Meristem - Cell growth at the tip of the stem

19. Leaf Structure Leaf - primary site of photosynthesis. Includes petiole Cuticle -waxy coating on plants that prevent water loss and also protects the plant from bacteria & viruses Stomata - tiny pores in the leaves surface that allows substances (water, oxygen, carbon dioxide) to pass through the plant

20. Stoma (singular for Stomata) Guard Cell

21. Guard Cell – sausage-shaped cells that look like a mouth. They control whether the stomata is open or closed

22. Page 730 In Your Book There is a diagram of a plant body I want you to sketch in your journal. You should label the following structures: “Shoot Apex” and “Root Apex” where Apical Meristem cells are located Node, Internode, Leaf, Petiole, Primary Root, Lateral root, Root System, Shoot System

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24. Auxin promotes elongation

26. Gravitropism

28. Gibberellin

29. Ethylene Bananas are picked when they’re green so they are easier to ship. Once they reach a storage location close to where they’re going to be sold, they are artificially ripened using Ethylene

31. Pg 730