1. Special Stain

2. Cytochemical Reactions in Acute Leukemia
Blasts Identified
Cellular Element Stained
Cytochemical Reaction
Myeloblasts strong positive; monoblasts faint positive
Neutrophil primary granules
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
Phospholipids
Sudan Black B (SBB)
Myeloblasts strong positive
Cellular enzyme
Specific esterase
Monoblasts strong positive
Nonspecific esterase (NSE)
Variable, coarse or block-like positivity often seen in
lymphoblasts and pronormoblasts, myeloblasts usually
negative although faint diffuse reaction may
occasionally be seen
Glycogen and related substances
Periodic acid-Schiff

3. Leukocyte Alkaline phosphatase (LAP):
Purpose: Distinguishing the cells of leukemoid reactions with increase activity from these of (CML) with decreased activity.
Principle: Alkaline phosphatase Activity is present in varying degrees in the neutrophil and band form of the granulocytes /some times in B lymphocytes

4. Leukocyte Alkaline phosphatase (LAP)
Negative LAP reaction
Positive LAP reaction

5. 1-Leukocyte Alkaline phosphatase (LAP):
Interpretation:
Count 100 neutrophils and score them (0/+4), then calculate the final score by adding the total scores.
Grading:
*(0) No stain
*(+1) Faint stain
*(+2) Moderate stain
*(+3) Strong stain
*(+4) Strong stain without cytoplasmic background
Normal Range:

6. LAP decreased in:
LAP elevated in:
CML.
Leukomoid reaction.
Paroxymal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria.
Pregnancy
Sickle cell anemia.
Polycythemia vera.
Hypophosphatasia.
Aplastic anemia.
Multiuple myeloma
Obstructive juindice.
Hodgkins` disease.

7. **The following diseases will not affect LAP result:
Untreated hemolytic anemia.
Lymphosarcoma.
Viral hepatitis.
Secondary polycythemia.

8. Peroxidase stain :
Purpose: To differentiate a myelogenous or monocytic leukemia from acute lymphocytic .leukemia
Principle:
Peroxidase is present in the primary azurophilic granules of neutrophil, eosinophil and monocyte & activity increased with maturation, no activity is found in red cells or lymphocytes.

9. Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
red brown precipitate
Bluish-black granules

10. Myeloperoxidase stain, bone marrow aspirate
The red granular staining peroxidase activity.

11. Peroxidase stain : Red – brown peroxidase found in:
neutrophil and eosinophil {promyelocyte – Myelocyte – Metamyelocyte}
Finely granular staining found in: - Monocyte
Negative stain found in:
( early Myeloblast, lymphblast, basophiles and plasma cell)

12. Notes:
In acute leukemia, infection & myelodysplasia neutrophils show (-ve) stain
Increase in CML*
Basophile May stain +ve in granulocytic leukemia
Peroxidase stain show results similar to those of sudan Black B stain

13. Sudan Black B:
Purpose: To distinguish acute myelogenous and monocytic leukemia from lymphocytic leukemia.
Principle: Sudan black B dye is fat soluble, then it stains fat particles (Steroles, phospholipids and neutral fats) which present in the primary and secondery granules of myelocytic and monocytic cells.

14. Sudan Black B
Positive sudan black B (SBB) stain in a patient with AML ,
Not the black staining cytoplasmic granules in the myeloblasts

15. Interpretation:
Myelogenous cells show coarse staining granules with faint staining pattern for myelobast and increase staining with maturation.
Auer rods are +vely stained.
Monocytic cells show finely scatterd granules.
-ve lymphoctic staining except Burkitt`s lymphoma cells, may show +ve staining vacuoles.

16. Non Specific Esterase: {with fluoride inhibition}
Purpose: Differentiate myelocytic and monocytic leukemia.
Principle: WBCS contain esterases, a group of lysosomal enzymes

17. Non Specific Esterase: {with fluoride inhibition}
NSEs α-naphthyl acetate positivity in M5b.
Not the granular positivity in the monoblasts and immature monocytes

18. Interpretation (+ve) brick – red staining which found in:
Megakaryocyte and platelets, Histocyte, Macrophage, Monocyte & Lymphoblast of ALL
(-ve) for granulocytes
**If fluoride added, only monocyte non specific esterase will be inhabited.

19. Specific esterase or chloroacetate
Principle:
Interpretation:
Myeloid cells (+ve)
Monocyte and basophile (–ve) to weak (+ve)
Other cells {lymph – plasma –megakaryocyte – nrbc } (-ve)
Auer rods (+ve)

20. Specific esterase or chloroacetate
Naphthol (AS-D) Chloroacetate Esterase stain in a patient with AML,M2. Not the bright red staining indicating that these two blasts are of myeloid origin.

21. Periodic Acid – Schiff [PAS] Reaction:
Purpose:
Diagnosis of some acute lymphocytic leukemia
subtypes of AML
M 6
Principle: the stain indicates the presence of muccoproteins , glycoproteins and high molecular weight carbohydrates in blood cells.

22. Periodic Acid – Schiff [PAS] Reaction
Giant multinucleate late normoblasts (left). Granular PAS positivity in proerythroblasts and homogeneous positivity in the later normoblasts

23. PAS positivity in M6. Not the intense staining of the large abnormal erythroblast.
Positive PAS stain in ALL

24. Acid phosphatase ( with tartrate resistance)
Purpose: diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia.
Principle: ACP enzyme present in myelocytic, lymphocytes, monocytic, plasma cell, and platelets in these cells ACP activity will inhibited in the presence of (L-tartarate) and give no color, while hairy cell ACP will not inhibited and give (+ve).

25. Acid phosphatase ( with tartrate resistance)
Hairy cell leukemia, TRAP stain. Acid phosphatase reaction after incubation with tartaric acid. Granular staining is seen in the lymphocytes.

26. Iron stain (Prussian Blue Reaction):
Principle:
Sidrotic granules are found in the cytoplasm of developing cells in [BM] in the form of Ferric [Fe+3].
Perls' reagent is formed of (Potassium Ferricyanide + HCL)
Sidrotic granules are found in nRBCs, some reticulocytes

27. Sidrotic granules are found in nRBCs, some reticulocytes