1. BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor From PowerPoint ® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections CHAPTER 23 Circulation Modules 23.13 – 23.17

2. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma is an aqueous solution of various substances 23.13 Blood consists of cells suspended in plasma STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BLOOD

3. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.13 Withdraw blood Place in tube PLASMA 55% CONSTITUENTMAJOR FUNCTIONS Water Solvent for carrying other substances Salts Osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarbonate Plasma proteins Osmotic balance, pH buffering Clotting Immunity Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobins (antibodies) Substances transported by blood Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins) Waste products of metabolism Respiratory gases (O 2 and CO 2 ) Hormones Centrifuge CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45% CELL TYPENUMBER (per mm 3 of blood) FUNCTIONS Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 5–6 millionTransport of oxygen (and carbon dioxide) Leukocytes (white blood cells) 5,000–10,000 Defense and immunity Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Platelets 250,000– 400,000 Blood clotting

4. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 23.14 Red blood cells transport oxygen Figure 23.14 Red blood cells contain hemoglobin –Hemoglobin enables the transport of O 2

5. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 23.15 White blood cells help defend the body Figure 23.15 White blood cells function both inside and outside the circulatory system –They fight infections and cancer Basophil Neutrophil Monocyte Eosinophil Lymphocyte

6. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 23.16 Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are injured Figure 23.16B When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets respond –They help trigger the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot that plugs the leak

7. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.16A Platelet releases chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky Injury to lining of blood vessel exposes connective tissue; platelets adhere 123 Platelet plug formsFibrin clot traps blood cells Connective tissue Platelet plug Clotting factors from: Platelets Damaged cells Calcium and other factors in blood plasma ProthrombinThrombin FibrinogenFibrin

8. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 23.17 Connection: Stem cells offer a potential cure for leukemia and other blood cell diseases Figure 23.17 All blood cells develop from stem cells in bone marrow –Such cells may prove valuable for treating certain blood disorders