1. THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW.
THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BE ASKED IN YOUR QUIZZES and PRACTICAL TESTS.
STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR STUDYING THEIR MANUAL AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED DURING THE LABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE SYLLABUS

2. Lab # 1
Blood

3. The Circulatory System
-Blood
It is the liquid medium in which these substance travel.
The Circulatory System
-Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels
They ensure the proper routing of blood to its destination.
It transports substances from place to place in the body.
Heart
It is the pump that keeps the blood flowing.

4. Components of Blood Blood Plasma Formed elements Water (92%) Proteins
Nutrients
Blood Plasma
Electrolytes
It is the liquid matrix where the formed elements are suspended.
Nitrogenous wastes
Hormones
Gases
Components of Blood
Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)
Leukocytes (White blood cells, WBCs)
Formed elements
Neutrophils
- Granulocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Cells and cell fragments
Lymphocytes
- Agranulocytes
Monocytes
Platelets

5. Formed Elements of Blood
Monocyte
Small
lymphocyte
Neutrophil
Platelets
Eosinophil
Small
lymphocyte
Erythrocyte
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Large
lymphocyte
Neutrophil
Basophil

6. Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)
Leukocytes (White blood cells, WBCs)
Formed elements
Neutrophils
- Granulocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Cells and cell fragments
Lymphocytes
- Agranulocytes
Monocytes
Platelets
Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)
Functions:
1- They carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues
2- They pick up carbon dioxide from tissues and bring to lungs
Insufficient RBCs may kill in few minutes due to lack of oxygen to tissues

7. Leukocytes
The leucocytes are the least abundant formed elements (5,000 to 10,000 WBCs/m L).
They differ from erythrocytes in that they retain their organelles throughout life.
The general function of the leukocytes is protection against infectious microorganisms and other pathogens.
Neutrophils
- Granulocytes
Eosinophils
Leukocytes (White blood cells, WBCs)
Basophils
Lymphocytes
- Agranulocytes
Monocytes

8. Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
They have specific granules, which contain enzymes and other chemicals employed in defense against pathogens.
Neutrophils
Functions:
The most abundant (60-70% of circulating leukocytes).
1- Phagocytosis of bacteria.
Nucleus with 3 to 5 lobules connected by slender nuclear strands (polymorphonuclear leukocytes).
2- They release antimicrobial chemicals.
The neutrophil count rises (neutrophilia) in response to bacterial infection.
Reddish to violet specific granules, which take up histological stains at pH 7.
Functions:
Eosinophils
1-Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals.
They are about 2% to 4% of the circulating leukocytes.
Nucleus with 2 lobules connected by a thin strand.
2- They release enzymes to destroy large parasites.
Coarse rosy to orange-colored specific granules, which take up histological stains at acidic pH.
They increase in parasitic infections and allergies.
Functions:
Basophils
They are the rarest of the WBCs (less than 0.5% to 1% of the WBC count).
1- They secrete histamine (vasodilator), which speeds flow of blood to an injured area (inflammation).
Nucleus largely hidden by the granules.
2- They secrete heparin (anticoagulant), which promotes the mobility of other WBCs in the area (inflammation).
Abundant, very coarse, dark violet specific granules, which take up histological stains at basic pH.

9. Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes
They also contains granules but they are nonspecific granules (lysosomes containing enzymes).
Agranulocytes
Functions:
Lymphocytes
They are second to neutrophils in abundance (25% to 33%).
1-They destroy cells (cancer, foreign, and cells infected by viruses).
They are the smallest WBCs (5 to 17 mm in diameter).
Large and medium lymphocytes are usually seen in connective tissues. Small lymphocytes are the most common circulating lymphocytes.
2-They “present” antigens to activate other immune cells.
3- They coordinate actions of other immune cells.
There are several classes of lymphocytes with different immune functions, but they look alike through the light microscope. They are the principal effector cells of the immune system.
4- They produce and secrete antibodies.
Round, ovoid or slightly dimpled nucleus, which stains dark violet and fills nearly the entire cell in small lymphocytes.
5- They provide immune memory.
Functions:
Monocytes
They are the largest WBCs, often two or three times the diameter of an RBC.
1- They leave bloodstream and transform into macrophages, which
They are about 3% to 8% of WBC count.
2-Phagocytize pathogens and debris
The nucleus is large and clearly visible, often light violet. It is typically ovoid, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped.
3-“Present” antigens to activate other immune cells. These macrphages are called antigen presenting cells (APCs)
The cytoplasm contains fine granules.

10. Platelet Form and Function Functions of Platelets
Pseudopod
Lysosome
Open canalicular system
Mitochondrion
Granule
Platelets are not cells but small fragments of marrow cells called megacaryocytes.
They are the second most abundant formed elements, after erythrocytes. Normal count from 130,000 to 400,000.
Functions of Platelets
1- They secret vasoconstrictors that stimulate spasmodic constriction of blood vessels and thus help reduce blood loss.
2- They stick together to form temporary platelet plugs to seal small breaks.
3- They secrete procoagulants or clotting factors, which promote clotting.

11. Blood Types The ABO Group
Blood types and transfusion compatibility are a matter of interaction between plasma protein and erythrocytes.
The plasma membrane of the erythrocytes contains glycoproteins on the outer surface that can act as antigens. That means that they can interact with the corresponding antibodies .
The ABO Group
Type A
Type B
Type A B
Type O
Type A
Type B
Type A B
Type O

12. Anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Plasma contains antibodies against surface antigens that are not present on self red blood cells.
Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
Anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Anti-B antibodies
Anti-A antibodies
That is why foreign erythrocytes are rejected by the immune system.

13. When antibodies attack, the foreign cells agglutinate (clump together)
When antibodies attack, the foreign cells agglutinate (clump together). This process is called agglutination.
+ Ab
Agglutination
The antigens that determine the blood types are called agglutinogens, and the corresponding antibodies are called agglutinins

14. ABO Blood Typing
Control
Blood Type A B AB O

15. If the person is exposed to Rh antigen produces antibodies
The Rh Group
The Rh blood group is named for the rhesus monkey, the animal in which the Rh antigens were discovered in 1940.
This group include numerous antigens (C, D, E). Antigen D is by far the most reactive and it is used for Rh typing.
Rh +
Rh - D
No anti-D antibodies
No anti-D antibodies
If the person is exposed to Rh antigen produces antibodies

16. Rh Blood Typing
Anti Rh
Control
Blood Type
Rh +
Rh -

17. ABO and Rh Blood Typing A- AB- AB+ A+ B- O- B+ O+ Control Anti-A
Anti-B
Anti-Rh
Control
Anti-A
Anti-B
Anti-Rh A-
AB-
AB+ A+ B- O- B+ O+