1. BLOOD AND THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Chapter 17-19

2. Blood: Main function of blood – primary transportation fluid of the body provides: 1.) pickup & delivery services 2.) protection necessary to withstand “foreign invaders”

3. Composition of Blood: Fun facts: fluid tissue w/ chemicals dissolved in it & cells floating in it about 8% of our body wt & its vol in healthy adults is 5-6 liters (6 quarts) color depends on the amt of O 2 pH is btw 7.35 & 7.45

4. Bloody Parts: liq part is plasma – makes up 55% of total blood volume – is 90% H 2 O – contains plasma proteins, nutrients, respiratory gases, hormones, wastes, & cell metabolism products – functions to transport various solutes & distributes body heat throughout the body

6. suspended in the plasma are formed elements there are 3 main types with subtypes 1.) Red Blood Cells - (RBCs) – Erythrocytes – in 1 drop there are normally 4-6 million RBCs – account for 45% of the total volume of a blood sample (hematocrit) 2.) White Blood Cells –(WBCs)- Leukocytes – normally 4000-11,000 WBCs in 1 drop – subtypes: a.) Granular Leukocytes – have granules in their cytoplasm – 3 types: 1.) Neutrophils, 2.) Eosinophils, & 3.)Basophils b.) Nongranular Leukocytes – 2 types: 1.) Lymphocytes – “B’” & “T”, 2.) Monocytes 3.) Platelets – Thrombocytes – normally 250,000 – 500,000 in 1 drop

8. ***RBCs, WBCs, & Platelets are constantly being destroyed, so new ones must continuously be made - 2 kinds of connective tissue make blood cells a.) Myeloid Tissue – Red Bone Marrow –forms all types except lymphocytes & monocytes b.) Lymphatic Tissue – found in lymph nodes, thymus & spleen – forms lymphocytes & monocytes

10. Life span of Blood Cells: - Erythrocytes – 4 months - Granular leukocytes – few days - Nongranular leukocytes – 6 months

11. Red Blood Cells – Erythrocytes - disk shaped w/ no nucleus & very few organelles - provides a larger area for O 2 & CO 2 exchange - functions: 1.) transports O 2 to other cells using hemoglobin – this pigment carries the bulk of the O 2 carried by the blood – very efficient syst 2.) transports CO 2 away from the cells - RBCs affect the viscosity of blood – too many, blood is thick; too few, blood is thin - Hemoglobin content affects the amount of O 2 being carried by the blood - normal hemoglobin content for males is 13-18g per 100mL of blood & for females is 12-16g per 100mL

15. White Blood Cells – Leukocytes - function – DEFENSE! - can slip in & out of the blood vessels – diapedesis - respond to areas of infection by (+) chemotaxis – moving towards chemicals diffused by the damaged cells - use amoeboid motion to move through tissue spaces

16. - types & specific functions: A.) Neutrophils – comprise 40-70% of total WBCs – become phagocytic in infected tissue – live a few days as they destroy themselves when destroying the pathogen B.) Monocytes – 4-8% of total WBCs – they mature, circulate for a few hours & then migrate to infected tissue where they enlarge & become macrophages that will engulf microbes C.) Lymphocytes - 20-45% of total WBCs – produce antibodies (B -lymphocytes) & cells that attach microbes directly (T-lymphocytes)

18. D.) Eosinophils – 1-4% of total WBCs – protect from irritants & phagocytize parasites that cause allergies E.) Basophils – 0-1% of total WBCs – function in allergic reactions by discharging histamine, also secretes heparin which prevents blood clotting

20. Platelets – Thrombocytes - function – blood clotting – plugs a torn or cut vessel & stops bleeding - not true cells – fragments of large multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes that rupture releasing the platelets

21. steps to blood clotting: 1.)injury to vessel makes rough spot in lining – the platelets become “sticky” & cling to the damaged site – they then release chemicals to attract more platelets 2.)once anchored, platelets release serotonin which cause blood vessels to spasm – which narrows the vessel to prevent blood loss until clotting can occur 3.)at the same time, injured tissue is releasing thromboplastin 4.)platelet factors combine with thromboplastin, Ca 2+ ions, & other blood protein clotting factors to form a prothrombin activator 5.)the prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin 6.)thrombin then reacts with fibrinogen proteins to form fibrin which makes a mesh-work that traps RBCs & forms the clot - within the hour the clot retracts & squeezes serum from the mass to pull the ruptured edges together

24. Blood Serum – plasma minus its clotting factors still contains antibodies -plasma test are used to determine concentration of food molecules in the blood – for conditions like diabetes -presence of certain enzymes indicate certain diseases such as: 1.)transaminase – heart attack has occurred 2.)alkaline phosphatase – liver & bone diseases 3.)acid phosphatase – prostate cancer 4.)lactic dehydrogenase – Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

26. Blood Types – identified by antigen in the RBCs - antigen – substance that can stimulate the body to make antibodies – any substance foreign to the body - antibody – a substance made by the body in response to stimulation by an antigen – very specific – reacts to particular antigen that stimulated its production

27. -there are 4 blood types: 1.)Type A – contains anti-B antibodies 2.)Type B – contains anti-A antibodies 3.)Type AB – contains neither anti-A & anti-B antibodies - “universal recipient” 4.)Type O – contains both anti-A nor anti-B antibodies - “universal donor” - Rh system – based on the Rhesus monkey - Rh Positive – contains the Rhesus factor - Rh Negative – does not contain the Rhesus factor - If (+) is introduced to a (-), anti-Rh antibodies appear