1. Blood Components and Blood Tests Chapter 12

2. Components of Blood 5.5 liters in an average adult What are the main components of blood? 2 main components: 1. Plasma: –Straw-colored liquid 2. Formed elements: –Dark-red and buff colored

4. What Parts Make Up the Formed Elements? 1. Red blood cells (RBCs) Aka erythrocytes “erythro”=red 2. White blood cells (WBCs) Leukocytes “leuko”= white 3. Platelets thrombocytes

5. Percentages of Particles in Blood

6. Blood Plasma 92% water 7% proteins.. Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen Wastes Electrolytes Nutrients, vitamins, hormones Gases… oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

8. Red Blood Cells Biconcave disc, for more surface area Smaller then WBCs Anucleated– no nucleus when mature Contain hemoglobin: What is the role of hemoglobin (in RBCs)? A large molecule use to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood Red pigment= heme 4.5-5 million RBCs per microliter of blood Lower amounts in females than males

9. Characteristics of WBCs Have nucleus Larger than RBCs 5 kinds that are divided up into granular and agranular What is the difference? Granular have “dots” that can be seen with staining, agranular “dots” cannot be seen “agranular” because old microscopes were not powerful enough to see the stains

10. What are the Types of WBCs? Granular: Neutrophils – phagocytes –engulf bacteria Eosinophils– kill parasites, allergic reaction Basophils– release heparin, allergic reaction Agranular: Lymphocytes– immune functions, antibodies… T-cells and B-cells Monocytes– phagocyte, engulf dead RBCs

11. Platelets Thrombocytes 130,000-360,000 per microliter Help close breaks in damaged blood vessels, clots blood Cells ½ size of RBC anucleated

13. Antigens and Antibodies Agglutination– clumping of RBCs following a blood transfusion Antigens– chemicals (surface of RBC) that stimulate B-cells (lymphocytes) to produce antibodies Different blood types have different antigens, and during blood transfusions, can cause a agglutination due to antigen/antibody reaction Blood types are hereditary

14. ABO Blood Groups / 4 BloodTypes 1.Type A– (antigen A) – person will produce anti-B antibodies 2.Type B—(antigen B)– person will produce anti-A antibodies 3.Type AB– (antigen A and B) – no antibodies produced 4.Type O – (no antigen A or B).. Person produces both and A and B antibodies

16. Can blood type A receive type AB? Can blood type AB receive type O? Can blood type AB receive type A? In US, type O, 47%... Type A, 41%... Type B, 9%... Type AB, 3%

17. Rh Blood Group Named after Rhesus monkey in which it was first studied if RBC has the Rh antigen, then it is Rh- positive If RBC does NOT have Rh antigen, then it is Rh-negative Anti-Rh antibodies do not appear spontaneously, only after being exposed

18. Rh incompatibility Mother to Child If an Rh-negative mother has an Rh- positive child The mother will build up anti-Rh antibodies in response The next time she has a Rh-positive child, her immune system (anti-Rh antibodies) will attack Rh-positive fetal red blood cells Called Erythroblastosis fetalis

19. Rh Incompatibility… Erythroblastosis fetalis. Infant may be anemic, brain damaged, or die

20. Blood Types AB+ AB- rarest type in U.S. A+ A- B+ B- O+ most common in U.S. O- Which is considered the universal donor? Which is considered the universal recipient?

21. AAAOBBBOABOO AA AA OR AO ABAB OR AO AA OR AB AO AA OR AO AA OR AO OR OO AB OR BO AB OR AO OR BO OR OO AA OR AB OR AO OR BO AO OR OO BB ABAB OR BO BBBB OR BO AB OR BB BO AB OR AO AB OR AO OR BO OR OO BB OR BO BB OR BO OR OO AB OR AO OR BB OR BO BO OR OO AB AA OR AB AA OR AO OR AB OR BO AB OR BB AB OR AO OR AO OR BO AA OR AB OR BB AO OR BO OO AOAO OR OO BOBO OR OO AO OR BO OO

22. Rh factor probability

23. Blood type Probability 1. Father is Blood type A-, mother O+. Is O+ a possible blood type for child? 2.Mother is blood type AB-, Father is O+. Is B- a possible blood type for this child? 3.Mother is AB+, father is B+. Is A+ a possible blood type for this child? Which of the above could cause future complications for births? Explain your answer.

24. Blood Disorders

25. Sickle-Cell Anemia Hereditary Affects mostly African- Americans, Middle- Easterners 2 genes causes the red blood cells to be sickle shaped and not round Produce abnormal hemoglobin Cells clump together Organs can’t get oxygen they need

26. Polycythemia Abnormally high red blood cells One symptom is generalized itching when in warm water (due to histamines) Untreated this can lead to heart attack or stroke

27. Anemia Abnormally low RBC count One of the most common blood disorders Can cause fatigue and stress to body organs Low iron, usually

28. Leukemia Cancer that starts in blood forming tissue and causes large numbers of white blood cells to be produced and released into the bloodstream– immature and not functioning properly 22,000 deaths a year from leukemia

29. Normal Human Blood

30. Bovine Blood

31. Camel Blood

32. Cat Blood

33. Bird Blood

34. Limulus blood

35. Reptile blood

36. Frog Blood