1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 13 The Commonwealth of Byzantium

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Byzantine Empire 476 – 1453 CE Flash Cards Justinian & Theodora Hagia Sophia 2

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Byzantine Empire 476 – 1453 CE Flash Cards Hippodrome General Belisarius 3

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Byzantine Empire 476 – 1453 CE Flash Cards Greek fire Cyrillic alphabet 4

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Byzantine Empire 476 – 1453 CE Flash Cards Basil the Bulgar Slayer 5

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 The Early Byzantine Empire Constantine moved capitol, 340 CE Byzantium → Constantinople  On the Bosporus  Commercial, strategic value of location

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 The Later Roman Empire and Byzantium Byzantine → inherited Roman Empire  after fall of Rome, 476 CE Empire remained major power until 13 th c. CE

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 The Later Roman Empire Roman infrastructure in place  Roads, institutional hierarchies Challenged by:  Strong Persian empire (east)  Invasions of Germanic peoples (north)  Rise of Muslims (southeast)

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Caesaropapism Strong central government Emperor was head of state AND church  Absolute authority  Wore Royal purple  Prostration required  Mechanical devices designed to inspire awe

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Justinian (527-565 CE) Wife Theodora as advisor  Background: circus performer ambitious construction program  Hagia Sophia  Hippodrome Justinian’s Code – definitive for centuries

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Hagia Sophia 11

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Byzantine Conquests General Belisarius  recaptured much of western Roman Empire  unable to consolidate control of territories  Withdrew to defend empire from Persians & Slavs

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 The Byzantine Empire and Its Neighbors 527-554 C.E.

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Islamic Attacks 7 th century Arab Muslim expansion Besieged Byzantium 674-678, 717-718 Defense made possible through “greek fire”

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16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Byzantine Influence on Slavic Cultures Relations from 6 th c. CE Bulgaria influenced culturally, politically Saints Cyril and Methodius  Create Cyrillic alphabet  Convert Slavs

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Kievan Rus’ Conversion of Prince Vladimir, 989 Byzantium  influenced development of Slavic cultures Slavic Orthodox church developed Eventual heir to Byzantium

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Imperial Organization Themes (provinces) under control of generals  Military administration  Control from central imperial government Soldiers from peasant class  rewarded with land grants

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Tensions with Western Europe Two Christian Churches  Byzantine → Eastern Orthodox (Greek)  Roman → Roman Catholic (Latin)  Conflicts over hierarchical control Germanic peoples converted  Roman pope crowned Charlemagne in 800 a challenge to Byzantine authority

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Byzantine Economy and Society Constantinople largest city in Europe, 5 th -13 th c. Dependent on small landholders, free peasants Theme system rewarded soldiers with land grants

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Decline of the Free Peasantry Large landholdings increased Reduced tax revenues & military recruits Steady decline of economy

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Manufacturing and Trade Advantage of location  Income from trade routes continued  caused crafts and industry to expand Tax revenues increased from silk  espionage secured silk technology Banking services developed

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Orthodox Christianity Legacy of Classical Greece  Greek replaced Latin after 6 th c.  Strong educational system for strong state bureaucracy Training in classics

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Byzantium Church and state closely aligned Council of Nicea (325)  Codified foundation of Christianity  divine nature of Jesus determined  Gospels chosen for New Testament Excluded gnostic gospels Caesaropapism created dissent in church

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Byzantine Monasticism Buddhist monasteries sparked Christian interest St. Basil (329-379 CE)  reformed monasteries  communal living  hierarchical structure Mt. Athos  no women or female animals allowed

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Tensions between East and West Rituals disputed  Beards on clergy  Leavened bread for Mass  Celibacy for priests Theological disputes  Icons  Nature of the Trinity

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Schism Arguments over hierarchy & rituals Which is center: Constantinople or Rome? 1054: Patriarch of Constantinople & Pope of Rome  excommunicated each other

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Social Problems in the Byzantine Empire Generals of themes became allied with local aristocrats  intermarried  created class of elite Local rebellions vs. Imperial Rule

29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 The Byzantine empire and its neighbors about 1100 C.E.

30. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Challenges from the East Muslims invaded Anatolia  Threatened grain supply Defeated Byzantine army in 1071 Byzantium called for backup from Rome  Crusades of 12 th -13 th centuries rampaged through Byzantine territory Constantinople sacked, 1204 Period of steady decline Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453  Renamed Istanbul

31. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Blue Mosque 31

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33. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Istanbul Today 33