Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byEmil Carpenter Modified over 9 years ago
1
Section 1: Atoms, Elements and Compounds
2
Elements pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically There are 4 main elements that make up 90% of the mass of living things: Carbon – C Oxygen – O Hydrogen – H Nitrogen - N
3
Each element has a chemical symbol
4
Atoms are the simplest particle of an element. The properties of atoms determine the properties of the matter they compose Atomic Structure: Nucleus: the central region of an atom Made of protons (+) and neutrons (neutral) The number of protons in an element = the atomic number Electrons: have a negative charge that balances the protons Found in energy levels around the nucleus
5
Nucleus Energy Level Neutron Proton Electron
6
Compounds are pure substances made of two or more elements Shown in chemical formulas Ex: H 2 O always 2H for 1O The goal of making compounds is to make atoms stable
7
Compounds are held together by bonds Covalent bonds: share electrons Ionic Bonds: electrons are transferred Results in ions atoms with a full positive or negative charge
10
Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds Create a Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting Covalent and Ionic Bonds.
11
Stand Up Touch your right elbow to your left knee Then touch your left elbow to your right knee. Repeat 9 more times
12
Section 2: Chemical Reactions
13
Chemical Reactions the process through which chemical bonds are broken or made (and sometimes both!) 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + energy C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 Reactants: what you put inProducts: what you get out
14
Activation Energy energy to start a reaction Catalysts reduce the amount of activation energy. Enzymes: catalysts found in living things
15
Visual Concept
17
Section 3: Water & Solutions
18
Solution: a mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance Solute: the substance dissolved in a solution Solvent: the substance that does the dissolving Concentration: measurement of the amount of solute in a fixed amount of solution 2% salt = 2g of salt in enough water to make 100mL Saturated Solution: is a solution in which no more solute can dissolve
19
Section 4: The Building Blocks of Life
20
Organic Compounds: made mostly of carbon atoms Inorganic Compounds: do not contain carbon Carbon can bond with itself: It can form straight chains It can form branched chains It can form rings
21
Monomers: building blocks of organic molecules Polymer: molecule made of multiple monomers that are linked together Macromolecules: large polymers Ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
22
Condensation Reaction: monomers are linked to polymers and water is released Hydrolysis: break down of polymers using water The reverse of a condensation reaction
23
44 Molecules of Life Carbohydrates (sugars) Proteins (enzymes) Lipids (fats) Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
24
Carbohydrates Organic compounds made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Monosaccharides: monomer (building block) of a carbohydrate Examples: Glucose & Fructose ○ All 3 monomers have the same formula C 6 H 12 O 6, but they each have different structures - isomers Glucose Fructose
25
Disaccharides: double sugar (two monosaccharides bonded together) The reaction that joins the two monosaccharides together is called a condensation reaction Examples: Sucrose Lactose Sucrose
26
Polysaccharides: made of 3 or more monosaccharides bonded together Examples: Glycogen (in animals): energy storage Stored in liver and muscle, made of glucose molecules Starch (in plants): energy storage Made of glucose molecules Cellulose (in plants): used for structure cell wall
27
Proteins organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen Monomer = amino acids 20 different amino acids Functional groups of amino acids: -COOH, NH 2 What gives the amino acid its specific identity is it’s R-group R-groups can be simple or complex
28
Dipeptides are two amino acids bonded together The bond between amino acids is called a peptide bond Peptide bonds are formed during a condensation reaction
29
Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids Form larger proteins, which are usually made of more than one polypeptide chain
30
Enzymes: Protein (or RNA) molecules that act as biological catalysts Temperature and pH effect an enzyme’s activity
31
How enzymes work: Induced Fit Model of Enzyme Action Enzyme reactions depend on the physical fit between the enzyme and its substrate (the reactant being catalyzed) Active Site: portion of the enzyme that the substrate fits into The linkage between the enzyme and the substrate causes a slight change in the enzyme’s shape which puts a strain on the substrate bonds The enzyme releases the products and remains unchanged
32
Lipids: large, nonpolar organic molecules DO NOT dissolve in H 2 0 Building blocks of lipids: Glycerol: Functional group = -OH Fatty Acids: unbranched carbon-chains Functional group = -COOH
33
Fatty Acids Continued: Fatty acids can be saturated (each carbon is bonded to 4 other things – “full”) Fatty acids can be unsaturated (when the carbon atoms form double bonds with each other in the carbon chain)
34
Types of Lipids: Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol Phospholipids: 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol, with a phosphate attached to the 3 rd carbon of the glycerol Makes-up the cell membrane of cells Hydrophilic head 2 Fatty acid tails
35
Nucleic Acids: store and transfer genetic information 3 parts of a nucleic acid: Phosphate Group Sugar Nitrogenous Base Three combined forms the nucleotide 2 types of Nucleic Acids DNA: stores genetic information for an organism RNA: stores and transfers information from DNA that is needed to make proteins
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.