2. 1 st Semester Exam Review Discovering Flight 1 st Semester Exam Review Discovering Flight

3. Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Flight in Ancient Times  Humans have dreamed of taking flight for thousands of years  Flight  Flight is the act of passing through the air on wings  People told tales about flight around the fire at night and handed down these stories to their children

4. Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Armen Firman  A Moor named Armen Firman made the first known human attempt to fly  He put on a huge cloak and jumped from a tower in Cordoba, Spain  He hoped the cloak would open wide like a bat’s wings to slow him on the way down  But it didn’t, and Firman fell to his death

5. Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Armen Firman  His unfortunate experiment might be described as an early attempt at a jump by parachute parachute  A parachute is a device intended to slow free fall from an aircraft or another high point

6. Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Chinese Kites  The Chinese invented the kite around 1000 BC kite  A kite is a light framework covered with paper or cloth, provided with a balancing tail, designed to be flown in the air  Within a few hundred years, people were using kites in warfare Marco Polo!

7. Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Chinese Gunpowder  In the eight hundreds, the Chinese made another important invention: gunpowder  Gunpowder  Gunpowder is an explosive powder made of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur, used to shoot projectiles from guns  200 years later, the Chinese used gunpowder to make the first simple rockets

8. Wan Hoo Man in the Moon  There’s even a Chinese legend about a rocket trip into space legend  A legend is an unverified story handed down from earlier times

9. Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Leonardo da Vinci  The first person in the history of aviation who was also a real scientist was Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)

10. Chapter 1, Lesson 1 A Parachute and A Helicopter  Da Vinci produced the first known designs for a parachute and a helicopter helicopter  A helicopter is an aircraft that gets its lift from spinning blades  Da Vinci’s drawing of an “aerial screw” looks a lot like a modern helicopter

11. Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Sir Isaac Newton  The Englishman Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) formulated three famous laws of motion Taken from wikipedia.com

12. Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Newtonian Lift  The third law states, “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”  For example, when a pilot angles the wing of the plane up against the oncoming wind, the action of the wind causes a reaction by the wing  This reaction provides some additional lift, known as Newtonian or dynamic lift

13. The Early Days of Flight

14.  Team presentation evaluated against Rubric, possible 100 pts  PowerPoint, Presi, or butcher paper graphics  Presentation is to provide:  Proper timeframe  How individual got the idea for their invention or who they promoted it to  What they built (provide illustration, graphic, or picture)  Why significant to aviation (how contributes)  Any battles or wars that were significant The Early Days of Flight Pages 14-25

15.  Montgolfier Brothers  Alberto Santos Dumont  Count von Zepplin  Thaddeus Lowe  Lt Col George Derby  Sir George Cayley  John Montgomery  Otto Lilienthal  John Stringfellow  Samuel Langley

16. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Principles of Balloon Flight  A balloon operates on the principle of buoyancy  If the air or gas inside a balloon is lighter than the air around it, it will float  Hot air takes care of the first challenge of flight—getting up into the air Courtesy of Clipart.com.

17. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 DirigiblesDirigibles  The third problem of flight—control of the craft—was still a problem  That is, until inventors came up with the dirigible dirigible  A dirigible is a steerable airship

18. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 DirigiblesDirigibles  The new dirigible airships had two things that helped pilots steer them  First, they had rudders rudder  A rudder is a movable flap or blade attached to the rear of a craft power  Second, the new airships had power sources sources that drove propellers

19. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Count von Zeppelin  In July 1900 Count von Zeppelin, a German inventor, built and flew the first successful rigid dirigible, the LZ-1  This led to the world’s first commercial airships  The Zeppelins were luxurious:  Roomy, wood-paneled cabins  Carried 20 or more passengers  They flew at speeds exceeding 40 miles an hour

20. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Cayley’s Gliders  Cayley identified three important aviation forces:  Lift  Drag,  Drag, which is the pull, or slowing effect, of air on an aircraft  Thrust,  Thrust, which is the forward force driving an aircraft  In 1850 Cayley built the first successful full- size manned glider

21. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Otto Lilienthal  Otto Lilienthal of Germany is often called the “Father of Modern Aviation”  Between 1891 and 1896 he made more than 2,000 glides  He also developed a powered biplane biplane  A biplane is an aircraft with two main supporting surfaces, usually placed one above the other

22. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Samuel Langley  On 7 October 1903 his aircraft, the Aerodrome was ready for a test flight  The plane’s engine worked well, but the aircraft caught on the launching car on takeoff and fell into the river  Two months later, Langley tried—and failed—again  Government officials withdrew their support, so Langley gave up his project

23. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Samuel Langley  Historians fault Langley for spending too much time on how to power his aircraft, and not enough on how to control it  Even so, for his contributions to aviation, Langley Air Force Base in southeastern Virginia is named after him Courtesy of Senior Master Sgt. Keith Reed/the U.S. Air Force

24. The Wright Brothers

25. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 How the Wright Brothers Succeeded in the First Flight  The Wrights chose a glider as their starting point  They could focus first on balancing and controlling the aircraft  Power (an engine) could come later  They applied what they learned at each step to make the next one go more smoothly

26. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Step One: Unmanned Box Kite  They discovered that they didn’t need to tilt an entire wing to turn the craft:  Needed to twist only the ends of the wings  They called this process “wing warping”  In the summer of 1899, Wilbur Wright successfully tested the kite in a field

27. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Step Two: Manned Gilders  Between 1900 and 1902, the brothers built three gliders  Before putting a man aboard, they flew each glider like a kite  They wanted to test it for control and lift  Only after doing this would they put a man aboard

28. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 The First Glider (1900)  In their experiments in 1900, the Wrights placed an elevator at the front of the glider  Earlier designers mounted elevators behind the wings  But the Wrights found it easier to control climb and descent when the elevator was placed forward

29. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 The Second Glider (1901)  The first glider didn’t have nearly enough lift  So for their 1901 glider, the brothers increased the wing area to 290 square feet  This glider was also a big disappointment  The brothers couldn’t control it well when they tested it at Kill Devil Hills  It flew less than 300 feet—time to return to Dayton!

30. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 The Wind Tunnel  The brothers built a wind tunnel in their bicycle shop to test model-size wings  Made them of sheet steel  Cut more than 200 model wings of different shapes Courtesy of Wright State University

31. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 The Third Glider  The third glider had:  Forward elevator  Elliptical shape  Longer, skinnier wings  Wing area of 305 feet  Low angle of attack  This design was a success  The brothers took to the air in the North Carolina dunes more than 700 times in the fall of 1902 Courtesy of NASA

32. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Principles of Airplane Flight  An engine and propellers gave Wilbur and Orville the ability to use not only lift but also thrust to propel their plane  Vertically mounted propellers could provide the airflow for thrust  They needed 90 pounds of thrust to propel the Wright Flyer  Their 12-horsepower engine and the large propellers proved equal to the task

33. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Wright Brothers’ Involvement With the US Army  The British and French governments were interested in buying the Flyer  But the brothers wanted the US government to have the first crack at owning a Wright Flyer  On 22 May 1906 they received a government patent for their invention

34. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Bids for a Government Plane Bids for a Government Plane  On 23 December 1907, Gen James Allen sent out a request for bids to build a plane for the government  The Wright Flyer met the bid requirements  Orville Wright signed a contract on 10 February 1908 selling the Flyer to the US government

35. Developing Aircraft

36. Chapter 2, Lesson 2 Ailerons Ailerons aileron  An aileron is a small flap on the wing for controlling turns  Ailerons replaced the Wright brothers’ wing- warping technique  The aileron was a more effective means to move an aircraft left or right  It also provided lateral balance  The association introduced ailerons to America but the idea originated in England

37. Chapter 2, Lesson 2 Louis Blériot  French pilot Louis Blériot was the first man to cross the English Channel in a heavier-than-air craft  Although Blériot encountered problems—he got lost and his engine overheated—he managed to land safely  The flight took 37 minutes

38. Chapter 2, Lesson 2 Bessie Coleman  Bessie Coleman faced two obstacles to becoming a pilot—her race and her gender; she overcame both  In 1921 Coleman became the first black woman to get a pilot’s license  She had to go to France for training because no flight school in the United States would accept her  She died in an airplane crash only four years after getting her license

39. Air Power in World War I

40. Outbreak of WWI  Because of alliances among different nations in Europe, one country after another soon declared war  Soon the Allies were at war against the Central Powers The AlliesThe Central Powers Russia Germany France Austria Hungary Serbia Turkey Britain http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/archduke-franz-ferdinand-assassinated

41. Chapter 2, Lesson 3 The US Enters the War  US President Woodrow Wilson vowed that the United States would remain neutral  But over time, that proved impossible  German U-boats targeted all American ships headed toward Britain  Germany also made a secret deal with Mexico  The United States declared war on Germany and entered World War I in April 1917

42. The Lafayette Escadrille  Some American pilots didn’t wait for the United States to join the war  The French Foreign Legion could sign up these volunteers  In April 1916 seven American pilots formed a small fighting group called Escadrille Américaine  They had to change the name to the Lafayette Escadrille  By the time the United States Air Service brought the unit under its supervision in 1918, its pilots had made 199 kills https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcsdyyVsX-4

43. Edward Rickenbacker  America’s ace of aces started out as a professional racecar driver  Col William (“Billy”) Mitchell helped Rickenbacker become a pilot  Rickenbacker rose from an enlisted Soldier to the rank of captain and took command of the 94th Squadron https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Attk7tAgt8

44. Chapter 2, Lesson 3 Eugene Bullard  Bullard was the only African- American to serve as a pilot during World War I  Bullard signed up with the French Foreign Legion in October 1914  He tried to join the US Air Service, but the Army turned him down  He shot down two German aircraft while in the French Air Service

45. Chapter 2, Lesson 3 StalemateStalemate  By 1917, the war in Europe was at a stalemate stalemate  A stalemate is a situation in which further action is blocked  A force was needed to tip the balance one way or the other  The Allies hoped that force would be the United States, which joined the effort in April

46. Chapter 2, Lesson 3 The Role of Aircraft  Until WWI, most people thought the role of aircraft in combat was limited to aerial reconnaissance  Dropping bombs from the sky seemed an unlikely idea  Conducting battles between squadrons of planes also seemed far-fetched

47. The Machine Gun  Another WWI innovation was the airplane- mounted machine gun  French pilot Roland Garros was the first to bolt an automatic rifle to his plane  The Germans asked Dutchman Anthony Fokker to improve it—he built an interrupting gear  But soon the Allies and the Central Powers were again on equal footing dogfight  The famous dogfights commenced—a dogfight is a battle between fighter planes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sd5ubG3HRi8

48. Chapter 2, Lesson 3 The Battle of Saint Mihiel  September 1918: Air power played a tremendous role in this offensive  Billy Mitchell commanded nearly 1,500 Allied airplanes  The Allied pilots had two goals:  To destroy German planes in the air  To destroy German aircraft in hangars on the ground  The Battle of Saint Mihiel helped lead to Allied victory two months later

49. Chapter 2, Lesson 3 How the Airplane Revolutionized War How the Airplane Revolutionized War  During WWI both sides sent up airplanes to shoot down observation aircraft  Each side had to protect its observation aircraft  Aerial combat was born  Once machine guns were mounted on planes, pilots could use them to strafe soldiers on the ground strafe  To strafe is to attack with a machine gun from a low-flying aircraft

50. Chapter 2, Lesson 3 FightersFighters  The fighter came into its own with the birth of the dogfight  These fighter aircraft needed three qualities: they had to be lightweight, fast, and maneuverable  By early 1918 fighters zipped along at a cool 130 mph

51. Chapter 2, Lesson 3 Future of Aviation  Army staff officers still had their eyes focused on the infantry  They had no plans for their aviation section  But Brig Gen Billy Mitchell believed strongly in the future of aviation as an instrument in warfare  Today’s US Air Force still considers Mitchell one of its founding fathers Courtesy of the U.S. Air Force https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FvAG080spwk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIfuss_IbBYwww.youtube.com/watch?v=mIfuss_IbBY

52. The Barnstormers

53. barnstormer  A barnstormer is a pilot who travels around the country giving exhibits of stunt flying and parachuting  The term barnstorming comes from the time pilots would fly over a small rural town to attract attention, then land at a local farm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FI6STwhPCuI

54. Stunt Flying  In the 1920s the term became attached to stunt flying  Historians give stunt pilots like Bessie Coleman credit for sustaining the aviation industry during its early years https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wckEiKzCBqc

55. Chapter 3, Lesson 1 End of War  On 14 November 1918, three days after the war ended, the US government canceled $100 million worth of airplane contracts  Within three months, 175,000 workers in the aircraft industry lost their jobs  Aircraft production dropped by 85 percent  The Army dumped its surplus warplanes onto the market

56. Chapter 3, Lesson 1 Former Army Pilots  Many of the barnstormers were former Army pilots  Since military aviation had been cut back, a large number lost their jobs  They leaped at the opportunity to keep flying  These pilots enjoyed showing off the skills they had mastered in combat

57. Chapter 3, Lesson 1 Major Contributions of the Barnstormers  Historians call the years between 1919 and 1939 the “golden age of aviation”  Pilots set one record after another altitude  They flew faster and attained greater altitude—the height above Earth’s surface  They served as test pilots

58. Richard E. Byrd  Trained as a flier, Rear Adm Richard E. Byrd advanced both aviation and polar exploration Richard E. Byrd

59. Chapter 3, Lesson 1 Barnstormers Contributed to Public Awareness of Aviation  The barnstormers’ demonstrations didn’t do away with people’s fears about flying  After all, spectators sometimes saw dreadful accidents  But the barnstormers’ air shows certainly created an interest in flight, even in rural areas and small towns  They publicized the airplane and brought romance to flying

60. Chapter 1, Lesson 1