1. ENRICHMENT CHAPTER: ART AND MEANING P H I L O S O P H Y A Text with Readings ELEVENTH EDITION M A N U E L V E L A S Q U E Z

2. CHAPTER NINE: POSTSCRIPT: ART AND MEANING P H I L O S O P H Y The questions "What is art?" and "What is good art?" are related.

3. CHAPTER NINE: POSTSCRIPT: ART AND MEANING P H I L O S O P H Y Plato and Aristotle proposed that art is imitation. Plato condemned art because it was only an imitation, but Aristotle held that art could provide insight into reality and could provide a catharsis of our feelings.

4. CHAPTER NINE: POSTSCRIPT: ART AND MEANING P H I L O S O P H Y The Romantics claimed that art is expression of feeling and that good art expresses feeling well. Benedetto Croce agreed.

5. CHAPTER NINE: POSTSCRIPT: ART AND MEANING P H I L O S O P H Y Clive Bell argues that art is significant form, relating his theory to the aesthetic theory of beauty.

6. CHAPTER NINE: POSTSCRIPT: ART AND MEANING P H I L O S O P H Y A recent approach to art claims that art is whatever an artworld says it is.

7. CHAPTER NINE: POSTSCRIPT: ART AND MEANING P H I L O S O P H Y Arthur Danto has argued that art has ended because the artist has become a philosopher.

8. CHAPTER NINE: POSTSCRIPT: ART AND MEANING P H I L O S O P H Y The theistic response to the question of the meaning of life holds that the meaning of life is to be explained in terms of the individual's relationship to a larger divine plan.

9. CHAPTER NINE: POSTSCRIPT: ART AND MEANING P H I L O S O P H Y Hegel and Marx define the meaning of life in terms of contributing toward human progress. For Hegel, history progresses toward a fuller expansion of freedom; for Marx, history progresses toward a classless society. Fukuyama argues that the end of history has passed, so there is no longer any human progress.

10. CHAPTER NINE: POSTSCRIPT: ART AND MEANING P H I L O S O P H Y The nihilist response to the meaning of life is the claim that life has no meaning.

11. CHAPTER NINE: POSTSCRIPT: ART AND MEANING P H I L O S O P H Y The existentialists Søren Kierkegaard and Jean-Paul Sartre argue that the meaning of life is created by what one chooses.