1. Literary Elements

2. What is an “element”? Literary elements:  Definition:  Tools that allow an author to extend the meaning of words beyond the literal…  Types:  Elements of Plot  The “MVPs”  The “Benchwarmers”  Also known as: literary devices

3. The Elements of Plot Elements of plot = parts of a story  Structure  The combination of the elements in a story to produce a PLOT  Exposition  Introduction: setting, characters, tones, necessary information  Rising Action  Events leading up to the climax (often cause/effect pattern…)  Conflict  Essential to plot – all stories have it Man vs. man Man vs. nature Man vs. society Man vs. self

4. The Elements of Plot, cont.  Climax  The result of some crisis or conflict, the “high point” of the story – and, usually, the most emotional/interesting/intense  Falling Action  Events leading to the resolution of the story (after the climax)  Resolution  The “conclusion” to the story/events  *Foreshadowing*  Clues the author gives as to what will happen later on in the story  Builds suspense, makes events seem linked together (to reader)  Dialogue  The author’s use of spoken language – and conversation – in a story  Hint: usually includes quotation marks!  Can be used to develop characters, reveal information, etc.

5. And now… The literary elements! After we look at the different elements, we will get into which elements are the “MVPs”, and which are the “Benchwarmers” – but it’s important to know both sides. Don’t forget: many elements have various components – don’t worry if you can’t remember all of them!

6. Theme  Definition:  The main idea or underlying meaning of a literary work.  Can be stated or implied (not obvious), but will be returned to throughout the work by the author  Different from a topic ; themes involve statements/opinions about a topic…  For example: The topic of a story may be war… The theme may be that war is useless.  May be major or minor

7. Characterization  Definition:  The author’s development of the characters within a story.  Major Characters  “Round,” or “3-dimensional”…  See both the good AND bad sides of the character  Changes in their goals, ambitions, values  Changes as a result of the events in the story (DYNAMIC)  Types: Protagonist (main character) Antagonist (force against the main character) Foil (character who provides a contrast to the protagonist)

8. Characterization, cont.  Minor Characters  “Flat,” or “2-dimensional”  Have only one or two striking qualities (memorable)  Usually all good or all bad  Lack depth  Do not change in the course of the story (STATIC)

9. Point of View  Definition:  The perspective through which the story is being told  First Person  Narrator who is a character in the story  Can only reveal personal thoughts and feelings – does not know what others are thinking/feeling  “I” perspective  Third Person Limited  Narrator is an observer (not part of the story)  Can see the mind (thoughts/feelings) of one character in the story  “He,” “she,” “they”…

10. Point of View, cont.  Third Person Objective  Narrator is an outsider (not part of story) who can only report what he/she “sees” and “hears” from other characters  Can report the events of the story, but not what others are thinking/feeling  Omniscient  Usually a third-person narrator (not part of story)  “All-knowing”: can enter the minds of all the characters

11. Irony  Definition:  The contrast between what is expected (or what appears to be) and what actually is  Verbal Irony  Contrast between what is said and what is meant  Situational Irony  A happening that is opposite of what was expected or intended  Dramatic Irony  When the audience (or reader) knows more than the characters Warning: irony can be very difficult to spot…

12. Tone & Mood Tone  Definition:  The author’s attitude toward a subject (stated or implied)  Can be pessimistic, optimistic, serious, bitter, sarcastic, etc.  Set through word choice (diction), details Mood  Definition:  The climate of feeling in a literary work  Can be ironic, serious, humorous  Set through setting, details, images, diction, etc.

13. Imagery  Definition:  Language (usually a description) that appeals to the senses  Not to be confused with personification, similes, other examples of figurative language – focuses on painting a picture (literally)

14. Symbolism  Definition:  A person, place, or object that suggests a meaning beyond the obvious  Usually carries meaning itself, as well as a further meaning  Some are conventional – meaning they generally mean the same thing to all readers  Ex: sunshine = goodness  Ex: water = cleanser

15. Diction  Definition:  The author’s choice of words, usually with attention to effectiveness, clearness, correctness, etc.  Usually used to give a verbal description, set a mood, etc.  Commonly referred to as word choice  Very easy to spot and use – remember this one!!!

16. Figurative Language  Definition:  Whenever something is described by comparing it to something else – most commonly simile, metaphor, alliteration  Simile  A figure of speech; a direct comparison between two unlike things using “like” or “as” Ex:He was as cool as a cucumber  Metaphor  A figure of speech involving an implied comparison between two things, usually using a form of the verb “to be” Ex:The road was a ribbon of moonlight

17. Figurative Language, cont.  Alliteration  Repeated consonant sounds, either at the beginning of words or within the words  Used to establish mood, call attention to important words, point out similarities/contrasts, etc. Ex:We waited, wide-eyed and wondering  Personification  Gives human qualities to an animal, object, or idea  Used to create an attitude or help reader see something in a new light Ex:The tree stretched its willowy arms towards the sky

18. Figurative Language, cont.  Onomatopoeia  The use of words that mimic sounds  Appeal to sense of hearing, bring descriptions “to life” Ex:The bee buzzed  Hyperbole  An exaggerated statement used to heighten effect  Done to emphasize a particular point Ex:She has said so millions of times

19. Where have we seen them before? Here’s the obvious…  Novels  Short stories  Poetry And the maybe-not-so-obvious…  Songs  Music videos: Rihanna- Umbrella (ft. Jay-Z)  Films  Television shows

20. MVPs vs. Benchwarmers What is Ms. Prinzing talking about?  Not all literary elements are created equal!  Some are stronger than others…  For example – would you really tell me the author proves the theme about the harmful effects of war on the human psyche by including an oxymoron as your literary element of choice? (*Notice I did not even include oxymoron on the lit elements list…)

21. MVPs Our “Most Valuable Players”  The elements on this list can be used – and should be used – most commonly to support a thesis, give evidence, etc.  These elements are the stronger literary elements; they hold more weight than those on the “benchwarmer” list, but may be slightly more difficult to find at times…  This is not to say you don’t ever need to use the benchwarmers. Be forewarned, however: Ms. Prinzing will be looking for you to use the MVPs a majority of the time!

22. The MVP List Here it is:  Theme  Point of View (any)  Characterization  Setting  Symbolism  Imagery  Diction (along with tone…)  Metaphor  Irony

23. The Benchwarmer List Here is your list of not-so-great players:  Onomatopoeia  Alliteration  Hyperbole  Personification  Simile  Mood  Oxymoron (just in case you needed to see it again…)

24. In Conclusion… Remember:  All literary elements are part of author’s craft  All can be used to enhance a piece of writing, increase effectiveness, reveal information, etc.  Not all are equally effective or important…  Choose a few to keep in your “toolbox” and remember them – they will always come in handy, from now until you graduate!