1. Outcomes for M ā ori: A challenge to justice Murray Short 2015

2. What I will cover Crime and sentence numbers, rates and trends Ethnicity statistics Crime and victimisation risk factors Comparative social statistics United Nations commentary

3. Recorded Offences Per 100,000 Population Source: Statistics NZ, Recorded Crime Tables 2014

4. Adults Convicted by Offence Category Source: Statistics NZ, Criminal Conviction and Sentencing Statistics, 2013

5. Adults Convicted: Most Serious Sentence Source: Statistics NZ, Criminal Conviction and Sentencing Statistics, 2012

6. Adults Convicted : Custodial Sentences Source: Statistics NZ, Criminal Conviction and Sentencing Statistics, 2012

7. Prison Sentences Per 100,000 Population Source: Statistics NZ, Population Estimates and Criminal Conviction and Sentencing Statistics 2012

8. Prison population Source: Department of Corrections, Offender Population Report 2013

9. Prisoners per 100,000 population 2011 Source: Te Ara The Encyclopaedia of New Zealand

10. Population and Ethnicity Source: Statistics NZ, National ethnic Population Projections 2006 - 2026

11. Convicted Adults: Ethnicity Source: Statistics NZ, Convicted Offenders 2012

12. Convicted Adults: Prison sentences by Ethnicity Source: Statistics NZ, Convicted Offenders 2012

13. Prison Population: Ethnicity *From 2000 includes remandees Source: Department of Corrections, Offender Volumes Report 2011 and 2014

14. Crime risk factors Family factors - young mothers with low SES, parenting styles Age between 12-20 years Male Childhood conduct problems Low engagement and participation at school Poor educational outcomes Low SES(unemployment, low income etc) Source: Ministry of Justice, M ā ori at Risk of Crime: Some Factors, 2009

15. Crime victimisation M ā ori experience much higher rates of crime victimisation 47.5% of M ā ori were the victim of at least one crime in 2005. The M ā ori victimisation rate was 1.3 times the European rate. Source; Ministry of Justice, New Zealand Crime and Safety Survey Analysis of the M ā ori experience 2006

16. Crime victimisation risk factors Age between 15-29 years Flatting or renting In sole parent household On welfare benefits In high social disorder area In households of 5+ people Source; Ministry of Justice, New Zealand Crime and Safety Survey Analysis of the M ā ori experience 2006

17. Comparative Statistics Life expectancy 2012 (Years) Non-M ā ori male – 80.2 Non-M ā ori female – 83.7 M ā ori male – 72.8 M ā ori female – 76.5 Suicide 2011 (per 100,000) Non-M ā ori male – 14.6 Non-M ā ori female – 3.8 M ā ori male – 25.7 M ā ori female – 8.4

18. Statistics cont. Employment rate 2013 Non-M ā ori – 66.3% M ā ori – 57.3% Unemployment rate 2013 European – 4.9% M ā ori – 12.9% Median hourly earnings wage/salary European – $22.50 M ā ori - $18.82

19. Statistics cont. New school entrants with ECE European – 98.2% M ā ori – 92.3% School leavers with NCEA L2 plus European – 84.7% M ā ori – 63.2% Proportion adults with NCEA L4 plus European – 54% M ā ori – 37%

20. Making comparisons Rather than compare the proportion of M ā ori apprehensions to the proportion of M ā ori in the general population... we should examine whether the proportion of M ā ori who are young, male, unmarried, unemployed, uneducated, in substandard housing, is reflected in the apprehension statistics. Simone Bull, Changing the broken record: New theory and data on Māori offending

21. The vicious cycle “As long as...crime news casts Maori in a consistently negative light, the discourse surrounding M ā ori crime won’t change; therefore nor will Maori criminal justice outcomes. As Foucault (cited in Davidson, 1997) famously said, discourse is not merely a surface inscription. It brings about effects.” Simone Bull, Changing the broken record: New theory and data on Māori offending

22. UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention 2014 “The Working Group found indications of bias at all levels of the criminal justice process...” “Incarceration that is the outcome of such bias constitutes arbitrary detention in violation of international law.” UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, 7 April 2014

23. UN Human Rights Committee Concluding Observations 2010 “...the Committee notes with concern the disproportionately high incarceration rate of M ā ori, in particular M ā ori women. It is also concerned that the proportion of M ā ori among persons accused of a crime as well as among victims of crime is substantially higher than their proportion within the general population, which points to underlying social causes and raises concerns regarding the possibility of discrimination in the administration of justice.”

24. UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 2012 “...the Committee is concerned that M ā ori and Pasifika continue to be disadvantaged in the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, in spite of measures taken by the State party and improvements in the area of health and education.

25. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 2013 “.. The Committee urges the State party to intensify its efforts to address the overrepresentation of members of the M ā ori and Pasifika communities at every stage of the criminal justice system. In this regard, the Committee urges the State party to provide comprehensive data in its next periodic report on progress made to address this phenomenon.”