1. Which cellular structure separates the cytoplasm from the external environment in all cells? A. Cytoskeleton B. Nuclear membrane C. Cell wall D. Plasma membrane

2. Why do you think a snail shrivels up and dies when you add salt to it?? You should be able to give me a scientific explanation after these notes

3. Cell transport = the movement of molecules in, out, and throughout cells

4.  To stay alive, a CELL MUST EXCHANGE Materials such as Food and Waste With Its environment and these materials must cross the cell membrane  Transporting materials across the cell membrane helps the cell keep a balance of water, pH, and nutrients (________) homeostasis

5. Solutions  A solution is a mixture of a solute and a solvent.  A solute is dissolved in the solvent. For example: Salt is dissolved in water. ○ salt is the solute ○ water is the solvent

6. Cell Membrane Cell membranes separate cells from extracellular fluid, from other cells, and from the environment The main parts of membranes are the lipid bilayer with membrane proteins embedded throughout it

7. Permeability A material is permeable if it allows molecules to pass through. The cell membrane is selectively permeable. (Only some molecules can freely cross the membrane) Is the membrane permeable to ? No Yes

8. Passive Transport  Passive Transport is the movement of molecules across the membrane that requires No Energy.  Both Osmosis and Diffusion are types of passive transport because both are movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration. high low Weeee!!!

9. Diffusion  The passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called diffusion. Ex. Perfume diffusing through the air Food coloring diffusing in water

10. Diffusion Molecules are never stationary but are in constant motion. Collisions cause the molecules to disperse until the molecules are evenly distributed throughout the available space.

11. Which direction will flow? ? ?

12. ? ?

13. Osmosis  Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a permeable membrane.  In osmosis, like diffusion, water molecules move from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

14. 70% water 30% salt Semi-permeable membrane Where is the greatest concentration of salt? in the beaker? in the bag? Where is the greatest concentration of

15. 70% water 30% salt Semi-permeable membrane Where is the greatest concentration of water? in the beaker? in the bag? Where is the greatest concentration of

16. 70% water 30% salt Semi-permeable membrane from the bag into the beaker? from the beaker into the bag? Which arrow indicates the correct direction of water flow? OR

17. 70% water 30% salt Semi-permeable membrane Water flows from the beaker into the bag. Salt does not flow through the selectively permeable membrane.

18. Semi-permeable membrane What happens to the bag? The bag swells.

19. Hypotonic Solution: (less solute) What happens to the cell? Solution: 100% water 0 % solute Cell: 90% water 10% solute Osmosis Where will the water go?

20. Osmosis  Hypotonic solutions contain a lower concentration of solute, and therefore a higher concentration of water than a solution to which it is being compared.  If a cell is in a solution that is hypotonic to the cell, the cell will take in water. Red blood cell placed in distilled water

21. Osmosis Hypertonic Solution: (more solute) What happens to the cell? Solution: 50% water 50% solute Cell: 90% water 10% solute Where will the water go?

22. Osmosis  Hypertonic solutions contain a higher concentration of solute, and therefore a lower concentration of water than the solution to which it is being compared  If a cell is in a hypertonic solution than water will diffuse out of the cell and into the hypertonic solution Red blood cell placed in salt water solution

23. Isotonic Solution: (same solute) What happens to the cell? Solution: 90% water 10% solute Cell: 90% water 10% solute Where will the water go? Osmosis

24. Isotonic solutions – When the concentrations of solute inside the membrane and out are equal. – An isotonic solution is at equilibrium – In an isotonic solution there is no net change in the cell, water flows in and out of cell Red blood cell in an isotonic solution

25. “Passive transport requires energy” A. True B. False

26. “Osmosis and diffusion do not require energy” A. True B. False

27. If a cell has 30% solute and the extracellular solution has 50% solute, will water move into or out of the cell? A. Out and the solution is hypertonic to the cell B. Out and the solution is hypotonic to the cell C. In and the solution is hypertonic to the cell D. Out and the solution is hypotonic to the cell

28. Important Osmosis Concepts:  Water moves from high to low concentration of water through a membrane (diffusion)  Increasing the concentration of solute in a solution lowers the concentration of water  Water moves from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution until both solutions are isotonic to each other and at equilibrium

29. A BC D E 1.Which is the most hypertonic solution? 2.Which is the most hypotonic solution? 3.Which solution is isotonic? Osmosis

30. Cellular Transport

31. When molecules cannot move through hydrophobic membrane  Some molecules must undergo passive transport by traveling across the membrane through a transport protein.  This is called: facilitated diffusion and still requires NO ENERGY because the molecule still moves from high to low concentration. Water moves through special transport proteins called aquaporins

32. Transport Proteins  There are two types of transport proteins: 1. channel proteins 2. carrier proteins

33. Channel Proteins  Channel proteins are tubelike and provide openings through which particles can diffuse.

34. Carrier Proteins  Carrier proteins have a specific shape that fits a specific molecule.  When the proper molecule combines with the protein, it changes shape and moves the molecule across the membrane.

35. Active Transport  Can a cell ever move particles from a region of lesser concentration to a region of greater concentration?  Yes, but it requires an input of cellular energy (ATP)! high low This is gonna be hard work!!

36. Membrane Pump  The transport of materials against a concentration gradient requires energy (ATP) and is called ACTIVE TRANSPORT.

37. Active Transport uses ATP

38. Endocytosis  Some cells can take in large molecules, groups of molecules, or even whole cells through ENDOCYTOSIS. requires an input of ATP

39. Exocytosis  The reverse process of endocytosis is EXOCYTOSIS. Cells use this to expel wastes, and secrete cellular products. Requires an input of ATP

41. Review  Passive Transport No energy Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Examples: ○ Osmosis ○ Diffusion ○ Facilitated Diffusion  Active Transport Requires energy Examples: ○ Membrane pump Molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration ○ Endocytosis ○ Exocytosis

42. Back to the snail….  Why does a snail shrivel up and die when you pour salt on it? Draw a diagram Use content vocabulary