1. 1 Unit 2.1 Classification

2. 2 Aristotle 384 BC Classified organisms as either plants or animals

3. 3 Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 Classification system Taxonomic groups of related organisms Binomial nomenclature (two names) Homo sapiens

4. 4 Taxonomic Groups

5. 5 Classification of Man KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata ClassMammalia OrderPrimates FamilyHominidae GenusHomo SpeciesHomo sapiens

6. 6 Species “Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.” Reproductively isolated group Ernst Mayr

7. 7 Different Species

8. 8

9. 9 * * Archaea

10. 10 Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food DNA –Single, circular chromosome Cell wall –peptidoglycan

11. 11 Kingdom Archaea Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food DNA –Similar to Eukaryotic – One or more linear chromosomes Cell wall –Pseudopeptidoglycan (protein only) Extremophiles

12. 12 Kingdom Protista Single celled Eukaryotic May be autotrophic or heterotrophic May possess cell wall

13. 13 Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall –Chitin Absorb food - Heterotrophic Non-motile

14. 14 Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall –Cellulose Produce food via photosynthesis - Autotrophic

15. 15 Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Eukaryotic No cell wall Ingest food - Heterotrophic Motile

16. 16 Terminology Classification –Assigning organisms to different categories based on their relationship Taxonomy –The science of naming organisms Systematics –Determining evolutionary relationships of organisms Phylogeny –Evolutionary history

17. 17 Cladogram Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms Each clad (group) share something in common Ancestral traits are the oldest Derived traits evolved later

18. 18 Cladogram for Transportation Wheels are the most ancestral Wings are the most derived

19. 19 Construct a Cladogram

20. 20 Gorilla Four limbs Fur Lost tail

21. 21 Tiger Four limbs Fur Tail

22. 22 Lizard Four limbs Tail

23. 23 Fish Tail

24. 24 Chimpanzee Four limbs Fur Lost tail

25. 25 GorillaChimpanzee Tiger Lizard Fish Four Limbs Fur Tail Lost

26. Phylogenetic Tree Shows evolutionary relationships More historical than cladogram 26

27. 27 MyxozoaMyxozoa ArthropodaArthropoda AnnelidaAnnelida MolluscaMollusca LophophoratesLophophorates HemichordataHemichordata ChordataChordata OtherpseudocoelomatesOtherpseudocoelomates NematodaNematoda PoriferaPorifera CtenophoraCtenophora CnidariaCnidaria PlacozoaPlacozoa PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes NemerteaNemertea CiliophoraCiliophora SarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophora MicrosporaMicrospora ApicomplexaApicomplexa MesozoaMesozoa EchinodermataEchinodermata CrustaceaCrustacea ChelicerataChelicerata UniramiaUniramia ProtochordatesProtochordates

28. 28 Bilateral Symmetry 7-9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 7.9 Sagittal plane

29. Anatomical Terms Anterior –Towards the head end Posterior –Towards the tail end Dorsal –Back side Ventral –Belly side 29

30. Anatomical Terms (cont) Distal –Away from the main part Proximal –Close to the main part Cranial –End with the mouth Caudal –Opposite end of the mouth 30

31. 31 Bilateral Symmetry

32. 32 Radial Symmetry

33. 33 Asymmetry

34. The End 34