Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Chapter 12, Section 1 The Industrial Revolution in America.

Similar presentations


Presentation on theme: "Chapter 12, Section 1 The Industrial Revolution in America."— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 12, Section 1 The Industrial Revolution in America

2 The Industrial Revolution Change from handmade goods to manufactured goods 1700-mid 1700’s A Need For Change  Great Britain, mid 1700’s Greater demand for manufactured goods As agricultural production and roads improved, cities expanded and populations grew Though innovation, people created machines to make production more efficient  Manufacturing methods of the day not meeting demands of the people Industrial Revolution  Period of rapid growth in using machines for manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700’s

3 Textile Industry First important break through Textiles  Cloth items Richard Arkwright  Invented a large spinning machine called a water frame Able to produce dozens of cotton threads at the same time Lowered the cost of cotton and increased production speed Used water as its source of power  Merchants built textile mills near rivers or streams and began to hire people to work there Britain soon had the world’s most productive textile manufacturing industry

4 Arkwright Water Frame

5 New Machines and Processes – Slater and His Secrets To protect its manufacturing secrets, Great Britain made it illegal for skilled mechanics or machine plans to leave the country  Disguised as a farmer, Samuel Slater immigrated to the United States after he carefully memorized the designs of the textile machines Skilled British mechanic After arriving in the United States, he sent a letter to a US textile mill owner named Moses Brown  Claimed he could improve the way textiles were manufactured in the United States

6 New Machines and Processes – Slater and His Secrets Samuel Slater formed a partnership with Moses Brown’s son, Smith, and son-in-law, William Almy  Opened their first mill in Pawtucket, RI 1793 Production of cotton thread in the United States  Slater’s mill was a success  Slater’s wife invented a new kind of cotton for sewing Other Americans began opening textile mills  Most were located in the Northeast (New England) New England merchants had the money to invest in textile mills

7 New Machines and Processes – Slater and His Secrets New England Geography  New England has many rivers and streams Textile mills were powered by the rivers and streams Fewer textile mills were built in the South  Southern investors focused on agricultural expansion Agriculture was an easier way to make money in the South

8 A Manufacturing Breakthrough Despite changes, most manufacturing was still done by hand Concern of war with France in the 1790’s yielded a demand for more muskets for the army  Workers made musket parts by hand No two parts were exactly alike Great pains to fit all pieces together Workers could not produce muskets quickly enough to meet the government’s demand Need for better technology

9 A Manufacturing Breakthrough Eli Whitney  Inventor  Proposed mass production of weapons for the US government by utilizing water-powered machinery  Interchangeable Parts All parts identical Made assembly easier  Promised to build 10,000 muskets in 2 years Granted federal money to build his factory

10 A Manufacturing Breakthrough Eli Whitney was summoned to the White House by President John Adams Presented interchangeable parts to President John Adams and his Secretary of War Using an assortment of 10 parts for guns he selected parts at random and quickly assembled them President John Adams was amazed

11 Whitney’s Influence Eli Whitney proved that American inventors could improve upon British technology Interchangeable parts allowed for mass production  Efficient production of large numbers of identical goods

12 Chapter 12, Section 2 Changes in Working Life

13 Mills’ Change Workers’ Lives Mill workers no longer needed the specific skills of craftspeople to run machinery Labor in high demand because of other job opportunities  Samuel Slater and his partners used apprentices but usually only gave them simple work Apprentices often grew tired of the simple work and left

14 Mills’ Change Workers’ Lives Samuel Slater eventually began to hire entire families to work in his mill  Hiring entire families allowed Slater to meet his labor needs at a low cost  Children and Adults worked side by side On most farms, children were utilized for work so few people complained about hiring children for factory work Mill owners profited by paying children low wages

15 Mills’ Change Workers’ Lives Samuel Slater provided housing and a company store for workers He also began paying workers with credit at the company store  Workers could make small payments on items over time  Allowed Slater to reinvest his money in his business Samuel Slater’s strategy of hiring families and dividing factory work into simple tasks became known as the Rhode Island System  Mills throughout the Northeast copied Slater’s system

16 The Lowell System Francis Cabot Lowell developed a very different system called the Lowell System  Based on water-powered textile mills that employed young, unmarried women from local farms  Included a loom that could both spin threat and weave cloth in the same mill  Women lived in boarding houses and provided with meals

17 The Lowell System Young, unmarried female mill workers knows as Lowell girls  Paid $2-$4 per wk  Lowell girls paid $1.25 for room and board  Wages much better than in other jobs for women Many young women came to Lowell from across New England  Wanted an opportunity to earn money than work on a family farm Typical Lowell girl worked in the mill for 4 years

18 The Lowell System Lowell girls were encouraged to use their free time to take classes and form clubs  Wrote their own magazine, The Lowell Offering Life very difficult in the mills  Work day 12-14 hours  Daily life carefully controlled  Cotton dust caused health problems

19 Workers Organize As factories continued to spread in the 1800’s, Craftspeople (those who made goods by hand) felt threatened because factories quickly produced low- cost goods  To compete with factories, shop owners had to hire more workers and pay them less Wages of factory workers went down as job competition grew  Wave of immigrants in the 1840’s brought people from poor nations who were willing to work for less money Immigrants went to the Northeast rather than the South Job competition also came from people unemployed during the Panic of 1837

20 The Beginning of Trade Unions Skilled workers began to form trade unions  Groups that tried to improve worker pay and conditions Most employers did not want to hire union workers because it would cost them more Labor Unions sometimes staged strikes  Refusal to work until employer meets worker demands

21 Labor Reform Efforts Sarah G. Bagley  Founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in 1844  Publicized the struggles of factory workers  Fought for a 10-hr work day and working inspections to improve factory conditions President Martin Van Buren had approved a 10-hr work day for federal government employees in 1840  She was supported by many women and men  Elected vice president of the New England Working Men’s Association in 1845 First women to hold such a high ranking position in the American Labor Movement Over time, the unions achieved concrete legal victories

22 Chapter 12, Section 3 The Transportation Revolution

23 Trade and Daily Life Transportation Revolution  Period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation  Created a boom in business across the nation Reduced shipping time and costs Two new forms of transportation  Steamboat  Steam-powered trains

24 Steamboat Era Robert Fulton  American who in 1803 tested his first steamboat design in France  Clermont First full-sized commercial steamboat in the United States Traveled against the current up the Hudson River in 1807 without trouble Steamboat  Well-suited for river travel  Could move upriver  Did not rely on wind power  Made possible to move goods more quickly and thus more cheaply  By the 1850’s steamboats were also being used to carry people and goods across the Atlantic Ocean

25 Clermont

26 Gibbons v. Ogden Steamboat shipping led to conflicts over waterway rights Aaron Ogden sued Thomas Gibbons for operating steamboats in New York waters that Ogden said he owned (1819)  Gibbons did not have a license to operate in New York but argued that his federal license gave him the right to use New York waterways

27 Gibbons v. Ogden  Reached the Supreme Court in 1824  Reinforced the federal government’s authority to regulate trade between states by ending monopolistic control over waterways in several states  Freed up waters to even greater trade and shipping

28 American Railroads Steam-powered trains had first been developed in Great Britain in the early 1800s but did not become popular in the United States until the 1830’s  Peter Cooper 1830, built a small but powerful locomotive called the Tom Thumb Raced the locomotive against a horse-drawn railcar Locomotive passed the horse  Locomotive broke down near the end, but the power of the locomotive was undeniable thus beginning railroad fever

29 Tom Thumb

30 American Railroads By 1840, American railroad companies had laid about 2,800 miles of track Engineers and mechanics overcame many tough challenges  Crossing over steep mountains, swift rivers, and tight curves  As time went on, engineers and mechanics made the switch from building tracks quickly, often and with inexpensive materials to building heavier, faster, and more powerful locomotives

31 American Railroads By 1860, the dawn of the Civil War, about 30,000 miles of railroad linked every major city in the Eastern United States.  Economic surge  Railroad companies became some of the most powerful businesses in the nation As railroads expanded, manufacturers and farmers could send their goods to distant markets

32 American Railroads Railroads made a tremendous impact on the senses of passengers and observers  Fastest form of transportation Wagons traveled at about 2 miles/hr while trains moved at 20 miles/hr Early train travel was dangerous for passengers  Passengers accepted the risks because trains reduced travel time so drastically

33 Transportation Revolution Brings Changes Steamboats and railroads made getting goods to distant markets much easier and less costly, leading the growth of a national economy Wealth centered in the North Border expansion and guided population growth  Towns sprang up at railroad junctions  Cities grew as trains brought new residents and raw materials for industry and construction  Growing prosperity encouraged many Americans to take pride in their country

34 A New Fuel Coal replaced wood as the main source of power for trains  A half ton of coal produces as much energy as two tons of wood at half the cost Coal also became popular for heating homes Railroads transported coal from mines to towns and cities

35 A New Fuel As the demand for coal increased, a coal mining industry developed in many states  Coal mining led to new towns  Deep gashes were made into the earth to obtain coal In the 1870’s, the demand for coal further increased as the demand for steel increased  Steel is made by heating iron ore to very high temperatures-coal utilized to fire the furnaces  Steel is much stronger than iron and used to build factories and machines  Steel was also used for railroad tracks

36 A New Fuel Growing market for steel helped fuel the need for more railroads Railroads transported steel to places where new factories were being built Railroads brought new steel farming tools and machines to farmers in the Midwest  Using new equipments, farmers produced more crops  Railroads then transported their harvests to markets

37 Effects of Railroads Railroads helped the logging industry expand  People in growing towns needed wood for homes and furniture Newspaper publishing increase created a paper demand Lumber items became the primary product of New England Settlers across the Midwest cut down trees and plowed up prairies for new farmland  Deforestation

38 Effects of Railroads Growth of cities Transportation hubs created  Chicago, IL Location on Lake Michigan made it an ideal transportation hub, linking the Midwest to the East and the South


Download ppt "Chapter 12, Section 1 The Industrial Revolution in America."

Similar presentations


Ads by Google