1. VERSITET Senior adviser Morten Winther AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DCE – DANISH CENTRE for ENVIRONMENT and ENERGY 20 October 2015 UNI Emissions from heavy duty vehicles using upgraded biogas as a fuel

2. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 Introduction 2 −The project “Biogas for transport - resources, environment and welfare economics” is carried out at DCE from 2014- 2016 (Jensen et al., 2015) −The project is an internal project under the Science Program for Sustainable Energy and Environment

3. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 Introduction 3 ›The project examines the following questions: ›Is potential biogas production sufficient to fulfil the transport energy demand in a future perspective. What are the emission consequences, and health related and social costs ›Important to understand, in order to create a qualified basis for prioritisation of biogas resources

4. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 Disposition 4 −This presentation explains the work made so far in WP3 and 4, dealing with fuel and emission estimates in the project

5. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 Disposition 5 −Fuel consumption for trucks and buses in a diesel reference scenario up to 2035 −Some notes on CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) and LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) vehicles in a biogas scenario −CH 4 emission sources critical for CNG/LNG vehicles −Calculated GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emission savings in 2035 −Some conclusions

6. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 6 Diesel reference scenario −HDV’s are grouped into rigid trucks, truck- trailers, articulated trucks and buses −FC = N veh x Mil ann (km) x E FC (MJ/km) −Fleet, mileage and speed data: DTU Transport and Danish Road Directorate −Fuel factors also split into e.g. EU emission legislation levels: Conv. and Euro I-VI Type/size RT 3,5 - 7,5t RT 7,5 - 12t RT 12 - 14 t RT 14 - 20t RT 20 - 26t RT 26 - 28t RT 28 - 32t RT >32t TT/AT 28 - 34t TT/AT 34 - 40t TT/AT 40 - 50t TT/AT 50 - 60t TT/AT >60t Urban Buses <15t Urban Buses 15 - 18t Urban Buses >18t Coaches <15t Coaches 15 - 18t Coaches >18t RT: rigid trucks TT/AT: Truck-trailers, artic. trucks

7. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 7 −Euro VI enters the fleet and old emission technologies are phased out −Euro VI dominates fuel totals; 81 %, 95 %, 99 % in 2020, 2025 and 2030, respectively

8. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 8 −Euro VI vehicles are relevant for natural gas substitution. −Most fuel expected for 40-50t and 34-40t trucks; 46 % and 21 %, respectively (note the axis scaling!). −2035: 45 PJ diesel in total. A full substitution requires 51 PJ of natural gas Euro VI in closer details

9. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 CNG vehicles – short description 9 −CNG: Compressed Natural Gas −On board storage: Pressure bottles (200-260 bar) −SI (spark ignition) engine, operates similarly to a gasoline engine −Euro VI, equipped with a three-way catalyst −CNG has smaller km range between fuel stops compared to diesel

10. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 CNG vehicles – short description 10 −CNG fuel economy vs diesel: Big variations. −An average of 19 % more MJ/km was found in recent national work 1 1 COWI/Energistyrelsen: Framework conditions for using natural gas in heavy duty road transport, 150 pp., December 2014 (in Danish: Rammevilkår for gas til tung vejtransport)

11. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 CNG vehicles – short description 11 −NO x and PM (Particulate Matter): No significant emission differences between natural gas and diesel Euro VI, based on the limited measurement data assessed so far 1 1 COWI/Energistyrelsen: Framework conditions for using natural gas in heavy duty road transport, 150 pp., December 2014 (in Danish: Rammevilkår for gas til tung vejtransport)

12. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 CNG vehicles – substitution 12 −CNG Substitution is made for rigid trucks  Demand for long range is less critical for smaller trucks  Some CNG trucks already for sale in Denmark (up to 320 hp) 1, a good precondition 1 www.gasbiler.info: Natural gas fueled vehicles for sale in Denmark, Danish Gas Technology Centre www.gasbiler.info

13. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 LNG vehicles – short description 13 −LNG: Liquefied Natural Gas −On board storage: Vacuum insulated storage tanks (3-10 bar, -160 o C) −Dual fuel engine (using 5 % diesel to pilot ignition); operates similarly to a diesel engine

14. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 LNG vehicles – short description 14 −Emission performance similar to Euro VI, equipped with SCR and DPF −Longer km range than CNG, due to more fuel stored −Fuel economy: Same drawback as for CNG, compared to diesel (ICCT, 2015)

15. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 LNG vehicles – substitution 15 −LNG substitution for large trucks (TT/AT trucks) −LNG fulfills demand for longer km range by large trucks −Suitable engine capacities already on the market in e.g. the US −EU directive 2014/94 places on member countries to establish LNG fueling stations along main arterial roads by 2025

16. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 CH 4 loss from CNG/LNG vehicles 1 16 −CNG sources: −CH 4 from exhaust (tail pipe) −CH 4 from the crankcase (So-called ”blow by emissions”, leaks between piston rings and cylinder walls, vented to the atmosphere) 1 Delgado, O., Muncrief, R.: Assessment of heavy-duty natural gas vehicle emissions: Implications and policy recommendations, The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), White Paper, 34 pp., July 2015

17. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 CH 4 loss from CNG/LNG vehicles 1 17 −LNG sources: −CH 4 from exhaust (tail pipe) −CH 4 from dynamic venting in the fuel injection system −CH 4 from the fuel tank (”boil off” pressure release for safety reasons) 1 Delgado, O., Muncrief, R.: Assessment of heavy-duty natural gas vehicle emissions: Implications and policy recommendations, The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), White Paper, 34 pp., July 2015

18. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 CH 4 loss from the fueling station 1 18 −CNG fueling stations  CH 4 leaks from pipes and fittings  CH 4 escape during nozzle connection and disconnection  Compressor loss −LNG fueling stations  Methane boil-off in storage tanks  Manual venting of vehicle fuel tanks prior to refueling  Spills and escape during nozzle connection/disconnection 1 Delgado, O., Muncrief, R.: Assessment of heavy-duty natural gas vehicle emissions: Implications and policy recommendations, The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), White Paper, 34 pp., July 2015

19. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 19 −Calculation for 2035: All heavy duty Euro VI vehicles use CNG/LNG −Tank-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions:  For low/high CH 4 loss, estimates range between 12 - 22 % of diesel reference case  CO 2 originates from the ”5 %” diesel pilot fuel

20. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 −Pump-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions:  Using low/high CH 4 loss, estimates range between 14-25 % of diesel reference case  CO 2 originates from the ”5 %” diesel pilot fuel

21. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 Conclusions 21 −For CNG/LNG vehicles there a several emission sources of CH 4, on board the vehicles as well as at the gas fueling station −NO x and PM (Particulate Matter): The (scarce) literature data reveals no significant emission differences between natural gas and diesel vehicles for Euro VI

22. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 Conclusions 22 −Estimated tank-to-wheel GHG emissions from CNG/LNG vehicles are in the range of 12-22 %, of the diesel reference case −Including fueling station losses of CH 4, estimated ”pump-to-wheel” emissions increase to 14-25 % compared to diesel

23. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 Conclusions 23 −Additional CH 4 loss is expected during the production of biogas and during distribution −On the other hand, the CH 4 emission savings from manure will be very big −Both sources are being assessed in the current project; no results yet.

24. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 24 Thank you for your attention!

25. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 Summary of CH 4 loss 25 −Conclusions from ICCT (2015) survey:  CH 4 from exhaust is the same for CNG and LNG  CNG crankcase ~ LNG dynamic venting + fuel tank venting  Fueling station loss, CNG ~ LNG CH 4 loss (% of fuel delivered) low estimatehigh estimate Pump-to-tankFueling station0,3 Tank-to-wheelExhaust0,10,9 Crankcase ~ dynamic venting/tank boil off0,40,8 Total Pump-to-Wheel0,82,0 Source: ICCT (2015)

26. AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 20 October 2015 Internal DCE seminar 2015 Introduction 26 −For overview’s sake, the project consist of 8 WP’s: ›WP1, WP2: Biomass resources and potential biogas production (Jørgensen, Møller) ›WP3: Future energy demand of the transport sector with a focus on road transport heavy duty vehicles (HDV); (Jensen) ›WP4: Energy consumption and emissions of different HDV’s powered by upgraded biogas (Winther) ›WP5: Health-related external costs of air pollution (Brandt) ›WP6, WP7: Life-cycle Analysis and Cost-Benefit Analysis (Thomsen, Cong) ›WP8: Stakeholder involvement and dissemination of results (Jensen)

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