1. As x approaches a constant, c, the y coordinates approach – or +. As x approaches – or + the y coordinates approach a constant c. As x approaches – or + the y coordinates approach a function q(x). Slant asymptote is another name because the q(x) is usually linear.

2. Translate Graph The plus 3 is on the outside, so add 3 to each y coordinate. Also move the horizontal asymptote y = 0 to y = 3. x = 0 y = 0 y = 3

3. Translate Graph The minus 2 is on the inside, so add 2 to each x coordinate. Also move the vertical asymptote x = 0 to x = 2. x = 0 y = 0 x = 2

4. Translate Graph The power of 2 will mean that there will be no negative y coordinates and the y coordinates will increase faster, when 0 1. x = 0 y = 0

5. Translate Graph The negative will flip the graph over the x-axis and the plus 2 will shift it up 2 units. x = 0 y = 0 y = 2

6. Translate Graph We will just shift the previous example down 2. x = 0 y = 0 y = -2

7. Translate Graph Manipulate the function until you have the original function somewhere in the new function. x = 0 y = 0 y = 1 The negative 9 will flip over the x-axis (multiply the y coordinates by -9) and shift up 1 unit. We will introduce a new set of points when x = 3 and -3. This will cancel the -9 to -1.

8. FACTOR THE NUMERATOR & DENOMINATOR. We will work with both forms of R(x). Set the factors in the DENOMINATOR equal to zero and solve for x. This will be the equations of the Vertical Asymptotes. Compare the leading terms of N(x) and D(x). CASE 1. n < m : The degree of the N(x) is less than the degree of the D(x). The HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE is y = 0. CASE 2. n = m : The degree of the N(x) is equal to the degree of the D(x). The HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE is y = a / b. CASE 3. n > m : The degree of the N(x) is greater than the degree of the D(x). NO HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE. Need to find OBLIQUE ASYMPTOTE.

9. Set the factors in the NUMERATOR equal to zero and solve for x. This will be the x-intercepts in the form ( __, 0 ). The y-intercept is ( 0, c / d ) Graph with an open circle on the x-axis. Graph with a closed circle on the x-axis. Mainly the RHB because it is the same for even and odd powers. Divide the leading coefficients’ signs for the sign of the RHB Holes occur when there is a binomial factor that is the same in both the top and bottom. This will eliminate a vertical asymptote and an x–intercept. Example. The Hole is located at ( 3, R(3) ) after you cancel the binomials. x = 3 is needed to find the hole.

10. 1. 2. H.A. and y-intercept are the easiest to find before factoring. 1 Case 1. y = 0 ( 0, -3/-2 ) = ( 0, 3/2 ) FACTOR x = -2x = 1 3. 4.x = 3; ( 3, 0 ) 3-210 Graphing Order. 1. V.A. & x-intercepts. 3. H.A. 2. Positive & Negative regions. RHB + + & y-intercepts.

11. 1. 2. H.A. and y-intercept are the easiest to find before factoring. Case 2. y = 1 ( 0, -4/0 ) = undefined NO Y-INTERCEPT FACTOR x = 0x = -3 3. 4.x = 2, -2; ( 2, 0 ), ( -2, 0 ) -2-3 0 Graphing Order. 1. V.A. & x-intercepts. 3. H.A. 2. Positive & Negative regions. RHB ++ & y-intercepts. 1 1+ 0 2 + 1

12. 1. 2. 1 FACTOR 3. 4. 3 -21 Graphing Order. 1. V.A. & x-intercepts. 3. O.A. 2. Positive & Negative regions. RHB ++ & y-intercepts. Case 3. No H.A., Oblique Asymptote x = 3; ( 3, 0 ) ( 0, -6/-1 ) = ( 0, 6 ) x = 1 1 -1 -6 110 1 X X y = x x = -2; ( -2, 0 ) No remainder in Oblique Asymptotes 6

13. 1. 2. H.A. and y-intercept are the easiest to find before factoring. Case 2. y = 1 ( 0, -9/-6 ) = ( 0, 3/2 ) FACTOR x = 23. 4.x = 3; ( 3, 0 ) 2-3 Graphing Order. 1. V.A. & x-intercepts. 3. H.A. 2. Positive & Negative regions. RHB ++ & y-intercepts. 3 y = 1 We have a HOLE at (-3, __). Find R(-3). 4. Graph the HOLE

14. Draw in all asymptotes, intercepts, and label them. y = 0 x = 4 x = 0 ( 2, 0 ) What does the Horizontal Asymptote tell us? The top degree is less than the bottom degree. Case 1 What does the x-int. tell us? The factor on the top. What does the Vertical Asymptotes tell us? The factors on the bottom.

15. Draw in all asymptotes, intercepts, and label them. y = 2 x = -2 ( -4, 0 ) What does the Horizontal Asymptote tell us? The top degree is equal to the bottom degree. Case 2 What does the x-int. tell us? The factors on the top. What does the Vertical Asymptotes tell us? The factors on the bottom. ( 0, 0 ) Both sides of the V.A. are going down…multiplicity of 2. 2 The HA is y = 2. This means the leading coefficient ratio is 2121 2

16. Draw in all asymptotes, intercepts, HOLES, and label them. y = 1 x = 2 ( 3, 0 ) ( -2, ? ) ( 0, 1.5 ) What does the Horizontal Asymptote tell us? The top degree is equal to the bottom degree. Case 2 What does the x-int. tell us? The factors on the top. What does the Vertical Asymptotes tell us? The factors on the bottom. What does the HOLE tell us? Repeat factors on the top and the bottom. We can find y-coord. of the HOLE. ( -2, 1.25 ) We can verify the y-int.

17. Label all asymptotes, intercepts, and multiplicity. y = 1 x = -1 x = 2 ( 3, 0 ) ( 0, 0. ? ) ( 1, 0 ) (2) What does the x-int. tell us? The factors on the top. What does the Vertical Asymptotes tell us? The factors on the bottom. What does the Horizontal Asymptote tell us? The top degree is equal to the bottom degree. Case 2 We can verify the y-int. TIME OUT! Y-int is POSITIVE. 2 2 ( 0, 0.75 ) Best if c were to equal 1. (x 2 + c) is used because this will not create an x – intercepts, x = + i 1