1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Early Childhood Personality and Social Development Chapter 7 7

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Early Childhood Personality and Sociocultural Development Coping With Feelings and Emotions Aggression and Prosocial Behavior Developmental Conflicts Peers, Play, and the Development of Social Competence Understanding Self and Others Family Dynamics

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Theoretical Perspectives Three main theoretical perspectives help explain the emotional and social development of early childhood –Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic Freud and Erikson –Social-learning Bandura –Cognitive-developmental Piaget Vygotsky

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Brief Review of Three Major Theoretical Perspectives

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Coping with Feelings and Emotions One of the fundamental tasks of young childhood is learning to regulate emotions Learning to cope with fear and anxiety is especially important Children's specific fears are influenced in part by their culture Fear and anxiety are normal, and can serve a useful purpose Children may rely on defense mechanisms to disguise or reduce tensions –Rationalization is commonly used

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Selected Defense Mechanisms Used by Children

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Selected Defense Mechanisms Used by Children (continued)

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional Regulation Emotional regulation means learning to deal with emotions in acceptable ways Children must learn to deal with guilt, shame, and other negative emotions, such as anger Children should feel guilt when their behavior violates social norms and they should feel shame when they fail to live up to reasonable expectations of themselves

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional Regulation Learning to Restrain Emotions –Learning to manage anger is especially important –Children who express negative emotions tend to be unpopular with their peers –One research study showed that children who had temper tantrums at age 10 tended to have continued problems as adults –Children also need to learn to restrain their positive emotions and to express them in socially acceptable ways

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sensuality and Sexual Curiosity At age 3 or 4, children usually express curiosity about their genitals They may engage in sexual play and masturbation They quickly learn not to display such behavior in front of adults Different cultures respond to children’s developing sensuality in various ways

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aggression and Prosocial Behavior Aggression is universal and natural Physical aggression increases in early childhood, then declines as children learn to resolve conflict or replace physical with verbal aggression Children learn to be aggressive by observing aggressive models Children can also learn empathy through observing models with empathy Physical punishment tends to increase aggression –Physical punishment often causes frustration –The punisher is also modeling physical aggression

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Video Clip Details the concern over the increasing use of electronic media among children (especially with regard to school performance) and how it’s use can be appropriately monitored: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Hl-_5FT1ss

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Television and Violence Television and other media are pervasive in children’s lives Many studies have shown that exposure to media violence is linked to aggressive behavior and desensitization towards violence The media also models prejudicial and insensitive behavior, and encourages stereotyping Parents can control viewing

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Average Amount of Time Spent by U.S. Children Age 0-6 in Various Activities From, “The Media Family: Electronic Media in the Lives of Infants, Toddlers, Preschoolers and Their Families” (#7500), by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, May 2006. This information was reprinted with permission of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. The Kaiser Family Foundation is a non-profit private operating foundation, based in Menlo Park, California, dedicated to producing and communicating the best possible analysis and information on health issues.

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Video Clip Discusses recent research on the effects of violent media on aggression in children and the controversy surrounding what to do about it: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yx0X61jT5dw

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prosocial Behavior Prosocial behaviors are intended to benefit others Signs of empathy, understanding another’s feelings, have been linked to prosocial behavior Prosocial behavior develops early; its expression depends on cultural and societal norms Role playing helps promote prosocial behavior, as does rewarding children for such behaviors

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Developmental Conflict: Initiative versus Guilt Young children are torn between their desire for independence and their dependence on their parents Erikson’s third stage: initiative vs. guilt (ages 3-6) –Initiative: purposeful behavior as they learn and explore their surroundings –Guilt is triggered by emerging conscience Parents who discourage child’s curiosity and exploration or set unrealistic standards contribute to an unhealthy sense of guilt –Such children may then become passive, anxious, or aggressive

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Peers, Play, and the Development of Social Competence Play is the work of children By age 4, children begin to engage in social pretend play Many children create imaginary companions, and those who do tend to be more creative and to be more sociable Cultural and social aspects are embedded in play

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Development of Play

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Competence Social competence is the ability to initiate and maintain satisfying reciprocal peer relationships Social competence consists of: –Emotional regulation (especially important) –Social knowledge –Social skills –Social disposition Popular children are more cooperative and prosocial Unpopular, rejected, children are either more aggressive or more withdrawn

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Understanding Self and Others Children must put together special behaviors to create overall patterns of behavior that are appropriate for their gender, family, and culture Young children internalize social concepts and rules They incorporate social concepts into their thinking They begin to build a positive self-concept as their socially acceptable behaviors are rewarded Children also must develop social understanding— learning how others think

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Characteristics of Popular Kindergarten Children

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Self and Gender Gender is a particularly important dimension of self- concept By the age of 2 and ½, children can readily identify people as “boy” or “girl” They exaggerate and conform to gender-role stereotypes They develop gender schemes as a part of cognitive development By the age of 5, they develop gender constancy Children are intrinsically motivated to engage in gender- consistent behaviors through self-socialization

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Development of Gender Schemes

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Video Clip Interviews with children to demonstrate the development of an understanding of gender identity: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZb2len6f18

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Family Dynamics Many family dynamics affect development during early childhood. These include: –Parenting styles –Number and spacing of children –Interactions among siblings –Parental discipline techniques

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Four Parenting Styles Styles vary according to two dimensions: control and warmth According to Diana Baumrind: –Authoritative –Authoritarian –Permissive –Indifferent

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Parenting Styles Based on Warmth and Control

29. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Effects of Different Parenting Styles Authoritarian parents tend to produce withdrawn, fearful, dependent, moody, unassertive, and irritable children Permissive parents may also be rebellious and aggressive, as well as self-indulgent, impulsive, and socially inept. Indifferent parents tend to engender destructive impulses and delinquent behaviors. Authoritative parents are most likely to produce children who are self-reliant, self-controlled, and socially competent.

30. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Discipline and Self-Control As parents set limits and children assert their independence, conflicts are inevitable Productive discipline involves the following characteristics of authoritative parenting: –Setting reasonable rules that are fairly enforced –Establishing a warm, caring, & consistent environment –Keeping two-way communication as open as possible Parents and children often can reach an agreement on shared goals resulting in a more harmonious family life

31. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sibling Dynamics Sibling relationships vary widely Siblings are likely to have different personalities Few, if any, consistent personality differences result solely from birth order –First born children tend to have higher IQs, likely resulting from increased attention from parents –Only children also tend to be high achievers –Average differences in IQ based on birth order are small Family structure and income can have strong effects on IQ and achievement

32. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Discipline Advice to Parents

33. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Maltreatment Abuse and Neglect At any age, an abusing parent destroys the child’s expectations of love, trust, and dependence that are essential to healthy development Between 1.2 and 5% of U.S. children experience maltreatment Physical abuse most often occurs at the hands of the child’s parents. –Younger children sustain more serious injuries –Many who survive suffer traumatic brain damage

34. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Abuse and Neglect Neglect is often associated with poverty and involves failure to provide for a child’s basic needs –Neglect can have severe, long-term consequences –Over 60% of child maltreatment cases involve neglect Ninety-five percent of sexual abuse is committed by men –Stepfathers are five times more likely to abuse female children than are biological fathers

35. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Forms of Psychological Child Maltreatment

36. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Effects of Child Abuse Abused children may: –self-isolate and express aggressive behaviors –have more school-related problems –be at greater risk for depression, alcoholism, drug abuse, and suicidal efforts –have trouble controlling their emotions –be less socially competent –engage in defiance and manipulation in others to escape maltreatment –learn to expect interpersonal relationships to be painful

37. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Causes of Child Maltreatment Multiple forces usually converge to cause child maltreatment Parents may: –have been abused themselves –have unrealistic expectations of children’s behavior –be socially isolated or experiencing severe stress –have especially demanding children Physical abuse of children is more common in poverty-stricken homes Parenting education programs stress social support and learning of non- abusive discipline methods

38. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ecological Influences in Child Maltreatment

39. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary From ages 2 to 6, children gain an understanding of themselves and their place in their family and community They learn what behavior is expected of them, as boys and girls They learn how to handle their feelings in socially acceptable ways They learn the norms, rules, and cultural meanings of their society They develop a self-concept that may persist their entire life

40. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary One of the fundamental tasks of young childhood is learning to regulate emotions and cope with fear and anxiety They have to learn to cope with their negative emotions in socially acceptable ways Children are naturally aggressive, but then can learn to be more aggressive by observing aggressive models. Children need to learn to channel their aggression and develop prosocial behaviors These behaviors, which include a sense of empathy, begin to develop at about age 2

41. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary Parents can model and reward their children’s prosocial behavior Beginning at about the age of 3, children show their desire for independence Erikson called this stage initiative versus guilt Children’s play becomes more social at about the age of 4. By the age of 6, they can initiate and maintain reciprocal relationships with others Unpopular children have negative experiences with social adjustment

42. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary At this stage of development, children develop a concept of themselves and their own behavior Gender is a big component of a child’s understanding of the self Parents play an especially important role in the development of their children Children of authoritative parents seem to have the best outcome Sibling relationships are an important factor in development at this stage Child abuse and neglect can have long-term negative consequences for child development