1. Phylogeny & Geologic Time
AP BIOLOGY
Phylogeny
&
Geologic Time

2. Phylogeny of the human species
Paranthropus
robustus
Homo
neanderthalensis
Homo
sapiens
Paranthropus
boisei
Homo
ergaster ?
0.5
1.0
Australopithecus
africanus
1.5
2.0
Kenyanthropus
platyops
2.5
Australopithecus
garhi
Homo
erectus
3.0
Millions of years ago
Australopithecus
anamensis
3.5
Homo
habilis
Homo
rudolfensis
4.0
4.5
Ardipithecus
ramidus
Australopithecus
afarensis
5.0
5.5
Orrorin tugenensis
6.0
6.5
Sahelanthropus
tchadensis
7.0

3. Example of Molecular Phylogeny1 2
Deletion 1 2
Insertion 1 2 1 2

4. Fossil Formation
Rivers carry sediment to the ocean. Sedimentary rock layers containing fossils form on the ocean floor.
Over time, new strata are deposited, containing fossils from each time period.
As sea levels change and the seafloor is pushed upward, sedimentary rocks are exposed. Erosion reveals strata and fossils.
Younger stratum
with more recent
fossils
Older stratum with
older fossils

5. Examples of Fossils Leaf fossil, about 40 million years ago
Petrified trees in Arizona, about 190
million years old
Insects preserved whole in amber
Dinosaur bones being
excavated from sandstone
Casts of ammonites, about
375 million years old
Boy standing in a 150-million-year-old
dinosaur track in Colorado
Tusks of a 23,000-year-old mammoth, frozen whole
in Siberian ice

6. Absolute “radiometric” dating
Half-life of elements
Half-life relative to time

7. Relative fossil dating using index fossils

9. The Tectonic Plates of the Earth Red Circles are volcanoes
Eurasian Plate
North
American
Plate
Philippine
Plate
Juan de Fuca
Plate
Caribbean
Plate
Arabian
Plate
Indian
Plate
Cocos Plate
South
American
Plate
Pacific
Plate
Nazca
Plate
African
Plate
Australian
Plate
Scotia Plate
Antarctic
Plate

10. Techtonics of spreading or colliding
Volcanoes and
volcanic islands
Trench
Oceanic ridge
Subduction zone
Oceanic crust
Seafloor spreading

11. Pangaea By about 10 million years ago, Earth’s youngest
major mountain range,
the Himalayas, formed
as a result of India’s
collision with Eurasia
during the Cenozoic.
The continents continue
to drift today.
Cenozoic
North America
Eurasia
By the end of the
Mesozoic, Laurasia
and Gondwana
separated into the
present-day continents.
65.5
Africa
South
America
India
Madagascar
Australia
Antarctica
Laurasia
By the mid-Mesozoic
Pangaea split into
northern (Laurasia)
and southern
(Gondwana)
landmasses.
135
Gondwana
Millions of years ago
Mesozoic
At the end of the
Paleozoic, all of
Earth’s landmasses
were joined in the
supercontinent
Pangaea.
251
Pangaea
Paleozoic

12. Impact Thoery
NORTH
AMERICA
Chicxulub
crater
Yucatán
Peninsula

13. Snowball Earth

14. Supporting Evidence Homologous Structures

15. Supporting Evidence Embryological Homologies

16. Supporting Evidence Molecular Homologies

17. Analogous Structures

18. Biogeography and Convergent Evolution Similar environments - similar appearance

19. Character Table used to create a Cladogram
TAXA
(outgroup)
Lancelet
Salamander
Lamprey
Leopard
Tuna
Turtle
Hair
Amniotic (shelled) egg
CHARACTERS
Four walking legs
Hinged jaws
Vertebral column
(backbone)
Character table
Leopard
Turtle
Hair
Salamander
Amniotic egg
Tuna
Four walking legs
Lamprey
Hinged jaws
Lancelet (outgroup)
Vertebral column
Cladogram

20. Phylogenic Tree Drosophila Fish Amphibian Lancelet Human Bird Rat
Mouse

21. Clade
Grouping 1
Monophyletic

22. Phylogenic tree and Evolution of major Phyla
Drosophila
Lancelet
Fish
Bird
Human
Rat
Mouse
Amphibian
Cenozoic
65.5
Mesozoic
251
Paleozoic
542
Neoproterozoic
Millions of
years ago

23. Molecular Clocks and DNA sequences It takes time to have change occur.1 2
Deletion 1 2
Insertion 1 2 1 2