1. China: Unit 9 Part One Hannah Ibele

2. Before the Revolution 2 groups emerged from divisions: GMD or the National People’s Party (led by Chiang Kai-shek) and the communists (led by Mao Zedong) Both organized armies Both idolized Sun Yat-sen and accepted the 3 People’s Principles Chiang supported businessmen and alliances with foreign countries Mao supported peasants and stressed the importance of community organization

3. The Struggle for Power Chiang Kai-shek/GMD Had conservative values and a diverse array of professional connection Commander-in-chief of GMD’s National Revolutionary Army Fought against the warlords, Japanese, and communists Foreigners made lots of investments 1920s – unionization of workers led to violence from employers Had many early military victories, but alienated the peasants and the communists won them over Mao Zedong/Communist Party Goals: strong unified china, improvement of people’s livelihood Personal experience limited to China Little experience in Western business Organized peasants and workers with local solutions, little industrialization, and appropriate rural technology Peasants violently overthrew landlord Long March: guerilla army Improved women’s lives, no selling them for wives Leadership remained mostly male

4. The Long March and the Fight against the Japanese Communists attacked by GMD, Mao led 80,000 men and 35 women on a strategic retreat (370 days, 6000 miles) Mao became the unquestionable leader of communist party and army during the march Established a capital in Yan’an and rebuilt soviet structure (redistributed land, encouraged handicrafts, arts, and schools) Peasant-centered economy with dictatorial, benevolent leadership Communists fought guerilla-style against Japanese Jiang seemed less nationalistic than Mao and less willing to fight the Japanese, more willing to compromise Jiang cooperated with communists to fight Japan after being kidnapped by communists (1936) Temporary truce in 1945, then brutal civil war resumed 1945: Communist forces defeat GMD By 1949, GMD members are driven to Taiwan out of China

5. Policies of Communist China Most important: redistribute land, women can hold land, use appropriate technology, produce and equally distribute basic necessities, universal literacy Social networks supported by government suppressed vices (Opium use, prostitution) “Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom” (1956-1957) – 5 year plan to double industrial output – Public expression and gov’t critacism encouraged – Late 1957: Policies shifted to squash protests The “Great Leap Forward” (1957-1960) – Terminated small enterprise, people moved to farms – Economic catastrophe – Local small scale industries Cultural Revolution (1966-1969) – Remove bureaucrats from party – Red Guard formed by army and students, professors etc, exiled to villages – Little Red Book published, creativity squashed, economic chaos, anarchy reigned

6. Recovery and International Relations Red Guard suppressed, relations with the United States improved Industrialization, steel production increased Agriculture neglected, barely enough produced to feed country, growing population Relations with USSR – Fought over ideology – 1960: USSR recalled technical advisors to China – No diplomatic relations after 1962 – 1985 – diplomatic relations normalize (Gorbachev) Relations with United States – Began with hostility – 1970s – Mao and Nixon normalize relations Relations with E. Asia – Fear and resented neighbor, many Chinese minorities murdered Relations with India – India and China both see themselves on the top of the third world