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Seminars on Sustainable Development - General Theme: Territory1 MOBILITY – Part 1: Strains on the System Seminars on Sustainable Development General Theme: Territory Session on: MOBILITY Responsible Prof.: José Manuel Viegas Introduction Strains on the System
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Seminars on Sustainable Development - General Theme: Territory2 MOBILITY – Part 1: Strains on the System SOCIAL ROLE OF MOBILITY r Cost reductions and speed increases in mobility have had a dialetic relationship (cause and effect) with : Urban sprawl (distances increase) Higher sophistication and fixed costs of public facilities of multiple types (increased support population and access distances) r (Motorized) mobility has become a necessary instrument for access and fruition of Goods and services Social contacts Tranquility
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Seminars on Sustainable Development - General Theme: Territory3 MOBILITY – Part 1: Strains on the System MOBILITY AS A RIGHT r Has mobility become a right, associated with modernity? What levels of universality? What levels of guarantee of effective provision? r It is a badly distributed right across society: Strong correlation between income (or instruction) level and mobility levels, no matter whether daily or seasonal (holidays), residential or professional
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Seminars on Sustainable Development - General Theme: Territory4 MOBILITY – Part 1: Strains on the System MOBILITY DISTRIBUTION AND ALTERNATIVE FORMULATIONS r Can we speak of minimum rights? How to formulate? The right to fruition of motorized mobility Ubiquity of the road network “Devolution” of mobility to physically impaired people Subsidization of urban public transport (in general and towards citizens with greater needs) What minimum levels of demand to enjoy direct access to infrastructure or services of various levels of sophistication / cost? The right to live well without motorized mobility Careful urban planning, preserving / recovering neighborhood units and their multifunctionality
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Seminars on Sustainable Development - General Theme: Territory5 MOBILITY – Part 1: Strains on the System AUTOMOBILE AND SOCIAL COHESION r Automobile as dominant form of mobility r Organization / optimization of spaces and functions to serve car-based clients Access difficulty to certain functions when not in a car (on foot, in public transport); The right to quality of life without a car Even as an option, not for lack of money r Land use and mobility policies, allowing / stimulating different behaviors Suburbs (US since the 50’s, Portugal and other EU countries now) The Dutch ABC law
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Seminars on Sustainable Development - General Theme: Territory6 MOBILITY – Part 1: Strains on the System EVILS OF ABUNDANCE r Right to mobility vs. Right to tranquility and clean environment r Congestion and gridlock (of citizens and of the city) New highway construction, traffic induction, another saturation cycle Loss of character by the city and its appropriation by the automobile Can we hope for mobility without congestion? “Demand management” approaches: Is it accepatble to get to quality of service through rationing and or prices? What suppression of the right to mobility is involved? What conflict between equity and quality of service? Analogy with other sectors (education, health, justice) r Traffic (un)safety problems
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Seminars on Sustainable Development - General Theme: Territory7 MOBILITY – Part 1: Strains on the System WORLD TRADE AND GOOD TRANSPORT r Trade is indispensable as the basis for economic growth Ever greater volumes, ever farther With ever greater requirements for quality of service Growing always more than production
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Seminars on Sustainable Development - General Theme: Territory8 MOBILITY – Part 1: Strains on the System IN EUROPE, FREIGHT ALMOST ONLY BY ROAD OR SEA
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Seminars on Sustainable Development - General Theme: Territory9 MOBILITY – Part 1: Strains on the System INCREASING PRESSURE FROM TRUCKS
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Seminars on Sustainable Development - General Theme: Territory10 MOBILITY – Part 1: Strains on the System TWO NEW THREATS: CLIMATE CHANGES AND SCARCITY OF FOSSIL FUELS r As the evidence of climate changes induced by human activity grows, pressure to reduce Greenhouse Gases Emissions Especially difficult in Transport No efficient alternatives in the short-term Long life of road vehicles generates long gap between introduction of new technologies and their dominance in the market (~10 years) Best hope today is for a 50% reduction (from 1990) up to 2050 r As alternative fuels take long time to reach significant scale, growing demand (and speculation) puts pressure on petrol prices Affecting economic growth while not enough decoupling ) is achieved But also bringing risks of war to ensure provision
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Seminars on Sustainable Development - General Theme: Territory11 MOBILITY – Part 1: Strains on the System INTERVENTIONS TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY: Possibilities and Difficulties Cleaner, safer, more efficient mobility Substitution / Repositioning / Reduction of Mobility Lower dependency on fossil fuels
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