1. Unit 4 Consonants: Nasals( 鼻音 ) Approximants （延续音） Lateral(s) （旁流音）

2. Nasals Nasal sounds occur when a complete closure is made somewhere in the mouth, the soft palate is lowered, and air escapes through the nasal cavity （鼻腔）. The nasal consonants are: /m/, /n/ and / ŋ /.

3. /m/ A bilabial sound. Total closure is made by both lips. The soft palate is lowered, and air passes out through the nasal cavity. /m/ is voiced

4. Practice name fame money famous manage many room milk a famous mountain from time to time all the same make a move My name is Marry. Mary ’ s mother is a famous film maker. The milk man is shouting.

5. An alveolar sound. The tongue blade closes against the alveolar ridge, and the rims of the tongue against the side Teeth. /n/ is voiced. /n/

6. new mind skin native language narrow nasty thin-skinned nine times out of ten to the point gaining a lot of weight She is a green hand. No need to know that. She is narrow-minded. Practice

7. A velar sound. The back of the tongue closes against the soft palate. The closure is further forward if it follows on from a front vowel Note: / ŋ / does not occur as an initial sound. /ŋ//ŋ/

8. Practice raining meaning singing knowing nothing spring knowing the meaning talking and joking eating and drinking washing and cooking reading and writing the coming spring Do you know the meaning of the song? Lily is learning another language.

9. Approximants Approximants Approximants occur when one articulator moves close to another, but not close enough to cause friction or to stop the airflow. Approximants are /w/, /j/, /r/. Note:that /w/ and /j/ are sometimes referred to as ‘ semi-vowels ’.This is because they are made without a restriction to the airflow,unlike the other consonants.

10. /w/ A labio-velar semi-vowel. The tongue is in the position of a close back vowel (similar to /u/). The soft palate is raised. The sound glides quickly to the following vowel. /w/ is voiced.

11. Practice: Words in comparison /w / & /v/: wood / value wet / vet wheat / village one /van weaver / river walk / vogue work /verb wine /vain

12. /j/ A palatal semi-vowel. The tongue is in the position of a close front vowel (similar to /i/). The soft palate is raised. The sound glides quickly to the following vowel. /j/ is voiced.

13. Practice: Words in comparison /j/&/З/ yard yawn year yearn yellow usual few queue educate suit measure vision pleasure television leisure

14. /r/ /r/ is the other approximant besides /j/ and /w/ in English. The important thing about the articulation is that the tip of the tongue approaches the alveolar area, but never actually makes contact with any part of the roof of the mouth.

15. Practice rate read red road rip rape rep rap write bread reach rider cream green tree treat the right road brave and crazy It ’ s no use of crying over spilt milk.

16. lateral 舌边音 / 旁流音 The lateral is so called because, in this sound, the airflow is around the sides of the tongue. Alveolar closure with the tip of the tongue gives ‘ clear ’ l, as in live. This occurs before vowel sounds. After vowel sounds, (as in pool), before consonants (as in help), the back of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate, giving ‘ dark ’ l (an allophone).

17. /l/: Put the front of your tongue against the bump behind your teeth. Use your voice, and let the air pass out of your mouth.

18. Practice:Words in comparison /l / & /r/ lice / rice filing / reading file / rifle lead / read liver / river elect / erect A hard blow; little by little; in cold blood; lucky in love Live and learn. Look before you leap. He lost his life in the struggle for liberty.

19. A Red Rose 红红的玫瑰 O my luve is like a red, red rose, 啊，我的爱人象红红的玫瑰， That´s newly sprung in June; 在六 月里苞放； O my luve is like the melodie, 啊， 我的爱人象一支乐曲， That´s sweetly played in tune. 乐声 美妙、悠扬。 As fair thou art, my bonie lass, 你那么美，漂亮的姑娘； So deep in luve am I; 我爱你那么深切； And I will luve thee still, my dear, 我会永远爱你，亲爱的， Till a´ the seas gang dry. 一直到四海涸竭。 Till a´ the sea gang dry, my dear, 直到四海涸竭，亲爱的， And the rock melt wi´ the sun; 直到太阳把岩石消融！ And I will luve thee still, my dear, 我会永远爱你，亲爱的 While the sands o´ life shall run. 只要生命无穷。 And fare thee weel, my only luve, 再见吧，我唯一的爱人， And fare thee weel a while; 再见吧，小别片刻； And I will come again, my luve, 我会回来的，我的爱人 Tho´s it were ten thousand mile! 即使万里相隔！

20. Wish Early to bed, Early to rise Makes a man healthy, Wealthy and wise. Eat slowly and live a long life. Eat at pleasure, drink by measure. Fear kills more than illness. Folly is an incurable disease.