1. Slide 1 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

2. Slide 2 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 37–1 The Circulatory System

3. Slide 3 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Video PBS: Mysterious Human Heart

4. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 4 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 37–1 The Circulatory System The circulatory system and respiratory system work together to supply cells with the nutrients and oxygen they need to stay alive.

5. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 5 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Functions of the Circulatory System Closed vs. open… Humans and other vertebrates have closed circulatory systems, meaning that the blood is contained within a system of vessels.

6. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 6 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Functions of the Circulatory System What are the structures of the circulatory system?

7. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 7 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Functions of the Circulatory System The human circulatory system consists of: the heart blood vessels blood

8. Slide 8 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Blood Composition Whole Blood Sample Sample Placed in Centrifuge Plasma Platelets White blood cells Red blood cell Blood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged Blood Plasma

9. Slide 9 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Blood The body has 4–6 liters of blood. About 45% of blood volume is cells. The other 55% is plasma—a straw- colored fluid. Plasma is 90% water and 10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products, and plasma proteins. Blood Plasma

10. Slide 10 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The functions of blood include: collecting oxygen from the lungs, nutrients from the digestive tract, and waste products from tissues. regulating the body’s internal environment. helping to fight infections. forming clots to repair damaged blood vessels.

11. Slide 11 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Blood Cells The cellular portion of blood consists of: red blood cells white blood cells platelets Blood Cells

12. Slide 12 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Red Blood Cells Red blood cells get their color from hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues of the body. Each red cell has about 270,000,000 iron-rich hemoglobin molecules. Red blood cells look like disks that are thinner in the center. They are produced in red bone marrow. They have no nuclei. They live for about 120 days.

13. Slide 13 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall  White cells are a major part of the immune system.  White cells attack and kill pathogens  White cells can:  Recognize other cells  Movement independantly  Ingest other cells White Blood Cells

14. Slide 14 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Platelets  Platelets, or thrombocytes, are cell fragments that clot blood at the site of wounds using calcuim.

15. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 15 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart The heart is enclosed in a protective sac of tissue called the pericardium. In the walls of the heart, two layers of epithelial and connective tissue form around a thick layer of muscle called the myocardium. Contractions of the myocardium pump blood.

16. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 16 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Structures of the Heart

17. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 17 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium Right Atrium Superior Vena Cava:

18. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 18 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium. Right Atrium Inferior Vena Cava:

19. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 19 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Bring oxygen-poor blood from each of the lungs to the left atrium Left Atrium Pulmonary Veins:

20. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 20 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery. Right Atrium Pulmonary Arteries Pulmonary Valve:

21. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 21 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium after it has entered the right ventricle Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve:

22. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 22 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Mitral Valve: Prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium after it has entered the left ventricle Left Atrium Left Ventricle

23. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 23 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Aortic Valve: Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has entered the aorta Left Atrium Left Ventricle Aorta

24. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 24 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Bring oxygen- poor blood to the right or left lung Pulmonary Arteries:

25. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 25 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Brings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the body Aorta:

26. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 26 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart The septum divides the right side of the heart from the left. It prevents the mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen- rich blood.

27. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 27 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart The heart has four chambers—two atria and two ventricles. There are two chambers on each side of the septum. The upper chamber, which receives the blood, is the atrium. The lower chamber, which pumps blood out of the heart, is the ventricle.

28. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 28 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Circulation Through the Heart Blood enters the heart through the right and left atria. As the heart contracts, blood flows into the ventricles and then out from the ventricles to either the body or the lungs.

29. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 29 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart There are flaps of connective tissue called valves between the atria and the ventricles. When the ventricles contract, the valves close, which prevents blood from flowing back into the atria.

30. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 30 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart At the exits from the right and left ventricles, valves prevent blood that flows out of the heart from flowing back in. Blood leaves the left ventricle, and enters the aorta. The aorta is one of the blood vessels that carry the blood through the body and back to the heart.

31. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 31 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Circulation Through the Body The heart functions as two separate pumps.

32. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 32 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Pulmonary Circulation One pathway circulates blood between the heart and the lungs. This pathway is known as pulmonary circulation. In the lungs, carbon dioxide leaves the blood and oxygen is absorbed. The oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart.

33. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 33 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Systemic Circulation The second pathway circulates blood between the heart and the rest of the body. This pathway is called systemic circulation. After returning from the lungs, the oxygen-rich blood is pumped to the rest of the body.

34. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 34 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Circulation of Blood through the Body Capillaries of head and arms Superior vena cava Aorta Pulmonary vein Capillaries of right lungs Inferior vena cava Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs Capillaries of left lung Pulmonary artery

35. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 35 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Heartbeat Each contraction begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrium. Because these cells start the wave of muscle contraction through the heart, they are called the pacemaker.

36. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 36 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Sinoatrial (SA) node Conducting fibers The impulse spreads from the pacemaker (SA node) to a network of fibers in the atria.

37. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 37 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart Conducting fibers Atrioventricular (AV) node The impulse is picked up by a bundle of fibers called the atrioventricular (AV) node and carried to the network of fibers in the ventricles.

38. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 38 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Heart When the network in the atria contracts, blood in the atria flows into the ventricles. When the ventricles contract, blood flows out of the heart.

39. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 39 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Blood Vessels What are the three types of blood vessels in the circulatory system?

40. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 40 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Blood Vessels As blood flows through the circulatory system, it moves through three types of blood vessels: arteries capillaries veins

41. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 41 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Blood Vessels Arteries Large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body are called arteries. Except for the pulmonary arteries, all arteries carry oxygen-rich blood. Arteries have thick walls. They contain connective tissue, smooth muscle, and endothelium.

42. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 42 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Blood Vessels

43. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 43 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Blood Vessels Capillaries The smallest of the blood vessels are the capillaries. Their walls are only one cell thick, and most are narrow. The capillaries bring nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorb carbon dioxide and other waste products from them.

44. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 44 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Blood Vessels

45. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 45 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Blood Vessels Veins Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart are veins. Veins have thinner walls than arteries. The walls of veins contain connective tissue and smooth muscle.

46. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 46 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Blood Vessels

47. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 47 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Blood Vessels Large veins contain valves that keep blood moving toward the heart. Many veins are located near and between skeletal muscles. Valve open Valve closed Valves closed

48. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 48 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Blood Pressure When the heart contracts, it produces a wave of fluid pressure in the arteries. The force of the blood on the arteries’ walls is blood pressure. Blood pressure keeps blood flowing through the body.

49. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 49 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Blood Pressure Blood pressure is measured with a sphygmomanometer. A typical blood pressure for a healthy person is 120/80.

50. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 50 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Diseases of the Circulatory System Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death and disability in the U.S. Atherosclerosis is a condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries. High blood pressure is defined as a sustained elevated blood pressure of 140/90 or higher.

51. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 51 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Diseases of the Circulatory System Heart Attack and Stroke If one of the coronary arteries becomes blocked, part of the heart muscle may begin to die from a lack of oxygen. If enough heart muscle is damaged, a heart attack occurs.

52. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 52 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Diseases of the Circulatory System If a blood clot gets stuck in a blood vessel leading to the brain, a stroke occurs. Brain cells die and brain function in that region may be lost.

53. 37–1 The Circulatory System Slide 53 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Diseases of the Circulatory System Circulatory System Health Ways of avoiding cardiovascular disease include: getting regular exercise. eating a balanced diet. avoiding smoking.

54. - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 54 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 37–1

55. Slide 55 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 37–1 The layer of muscle in the heart that pumps blood through the circulatory system is called the a.myocardium. b.atrium. c.ventricle. d.vena cava.

56. Slide 56 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 37–1 Oxygen-poor blood from the body enters the heart through the a.left atrium. b.left ventricle. c.right atrium. d.right ventricle.

57. Slide 57 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 37–1 Atherosclerosis is a condition in which a.blood cells die from a lack of oxygen. b.plaque builds up along the walls of the arteries. c.blood pressure is too high. d.the heart stops pumping blood.

58. Slide 58 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 37–1 The inner wall of all blood vessels is lined with a.endothelium. b.connective tissue. c.smooth muscle. d.myocardium.

59. Slide 59 of 51 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 37–1 The vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium is the a.pulmonary vein. b.inferior vena cava. c.aorta. d.superior vena cava.

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