1. SKELETON

2. I. SKULL A. 2 regions 1) cranium( 8 bones) frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, L & R temporal, L & R parietal, occipital

3. 2) facial (14 bones) 2 nasal, mandible, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic, 2 inf. Nasal conchae, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, vomer

4. review Facial bones –13 immovable –1 movable –Nasal-nose –Mandible-lower jaw –Maxillae- jaw –Zygomatic-cheek bone –Inf. Nasal conchae- lower nose Support mucas membrane Lacrimal- inside eye socket carries tears Palatine- palate Vomer – betweeen palatine and sphenoid with ethmoid forms nasal septum

5. review Fontanelles –Fibrous membrane areas in infantile skull connecting cranial bones –Allow skull to be partially compressible for passage through birth canal –Infant skull bones are thin, frontal bone in 2 parts, and flexible. Therefore less easily fractured –Anterior fontanelle – behind frontal bone and in front of parietal bone (soft spot)

6. review Axial skeleton –Cranium –Protects brain –Surface provides muscle attachment for chewing and head movement –Paranasal sinuses- airfilled cavities formed by cranial bones »Reduce skull weight »Increase voice intensity

8. Middle ear Malleus – small bone attached to tympanic membrane which gives it the conical shape Incus – attached by ligaments to malleus and stapes vibrates when malleus vibrates Stapes(stirrup) – vibrations move fluid which stimulate hearing receptors

9. Hyoid Bone Between lower jaw and larynxx Not attached to any other bones Supports tongue and aids in swallowing

10. B. Why is the skull dome shaped ? 1) protection ( glancing blows 2) arch shape is very strong II. Vertebral Column A. 28in long on average B. 33 separate vert. as an embryo sacrum has 5, coccyx has 4 these fuse to make 26 at birth C. column is made up of vert. linked together by cartilage & ligaments ( gives us flexibility) D. 4 curves( cervical -7, thoracic -12, lumbar -5, sacral- 2) 1) thoracic & sacral appear before birth 2) cervical & lumbar occur later (a) cervical forms when baby holds up head (b) lumbar forms when baby begins to walk helps us sit

11. F. Individual Vertebrae ( body, vertebral foramen, transverse process, & spinous process 1) vertebrae are separated by disks filled with fluid (rupture, herniated) 2) cervical vertebra have transverse foramina passageways for arteries to the brain. 1 st – Atlas, 2 nd - Axis

12. review

13. III. Thoracic Cage A. Ribs ( true 7pr, false 3pr, & floating 2pr)- 24 total B. Sternum( breast bone) – 3 parts (manubrium, body, & xiphoid process) * Ribs can regenerate if periosteum is left intact.

14. IV. Pectoral Girdle ( Shoulder) – 4 bones, function: supports upper limbs, attachment for several muscles, support upper limbs A. Clavicles ( Collar bones) – Medial: articulates with Manubrium – Lateral end joins the scapulae B.Scapula( shoulder blade)- flat surface allows for muscle attachment. Glenoid fossa is where humerus articulates V. Upper Limbs A. Arm 1) humerus, radius, ulna humerus – longest radius rotates over ulna during pronation. Ulna- doesn’t rotate.

15. Chest review True ribs are attached to sternum by cartilage False ribs are connected to the 7 th rib Floating ribs have no connection Ribs are curved bones attached to vertebra in back and coastal cartilage in front Ribs support and protect chest along sides Ligaments attach clavicle to sternum

16. Chest review 3 parts to the breast bone Sternum, manubrium, and xyphoid process Regeneragting ribs –Ribs are commonly removed during surgeries that require bone grafts in other parts of the body –The rib is removed from the periosteum much like a banana is peeled. The periosteum must remain, as it contains osteoblasts which rebuild the new bone

17. B. Wrist, hand, & fingers 1) wrist made up of 8 bones held together by ligaments Carpals – 2 rows of four bones each. –Allows for flexion of wrist 2) hand has 2 sections (a) palm area 5 metacarpals (b) fingers 14 phalanges

18. V. Pelvis ( 2 hip bones – coxal bones) 3 parts ilium, ischium, pubis A. shaped like a bowl for organs to rest in B. Differences male/female 1) pubic arch is larger in female 2) male pelvis is taller 3) female pelvis is wider 4) thigh bones of female are more separated, pushing knees closer together C. functions Support trunk of body, provide attachment for lower limbs, protect urinary bladder, lg intestine, and reproductive organs male female

20. Foramen – an opening usually in bone or membrane Fossa – depression in a bone or other part Tubercle – small, rounded process on bone terms

21. VI. Legs A. femur ( longest & strongest bone) thigh bone Shaft filled with marrow, flattens on lower end so tibia can articulate B. Patella ( knee cap) held in place by ligaments Surrounded by bursa and ligaments C. Tibia( shin) & fibula VII. Foot A. tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges B 2 arches ( spring & support) 1) longitudinal – heel to toe 2) transverse – across foot –ligaments

22. Leg and Foot con’t Fibula- does not enter into the knee joint –Does not bear any body weight Tarsals - 7 –Talus – only freely moveable bone joins tibia and fibula –Calcaneus – heel bone, largest –Navicular –Cuboid –Lateral –Intermed –medial

23. Foot con’t 5 metatarsals 14 phalanges