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Phase 1A Rajpinder Singh Seehra The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… IMMS 2- Metabolism.

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Presentation on theme: "Phase 1A Rajpinder Singh Seehra The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… IMMS 2- Metabolism."— Presentation transcript:

1 Phase 1A Rajpinder Singh Seehra The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… IMMS 2- Metabolism

2 Metabolism (definition) Metabolic Rate and Influencing Factors Fuel types and their Effectiveness Storing Energy The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… Aims

3 Metabolism: chemical reactions that occur in a living organism. Metabolic rate: total-body energy expenditure per unit time. Total Energy Expenditure: internal heat produced + external work performed+ energy stored. (Vander’s Human Physiology 12th Edition) The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… Definitions

4 The metabolic rate when a person is at mental and physical rest but not sleeping, at comfortable temperature and has fasted at least 12 hours. 60% of the total energy expenditure The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

5 Sleep (↓ when asleep) Age (↓ with ↑ age) Gender (women<men) Fasting (BMR ↓ to conserve energy stores) Height, Weight Pregnancy The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… Factors Affecting the Metabolic Rate

6 An important organ in regulating metabolic control. Functions include: control of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation of food intake (thirst and feeding centres) regulation of body temperature Very important factor in metabolic disorders. The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… The Hypothalamus

7 Endocrine organ. Located in the neck, two connected lobes. Controls how quickly the body: uses energy makes protein and hormone sensitivity Produces thyroid hormones T3 and T4 to do the above functions. Regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary which in turn is controlled by thyrotropin=releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… The Thyroid

8 Body Temperature Regulation Infection and disease Food intake Exercise —> any form of muscular activity* Stress Hormone levels (adrenaline, thyroid hormone) The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… Factors Affecting Daily Energy Expenditure

9 Carbohydrate: Used in the form of glucose. 30% of ATP production at rest. Fat: Can be in the form of triglycerides or esterified fatty acids. 70% of ATP production at rest. Protein: last used, often due to longer periods of starvation. Stores seem to decrease with age. The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… Fuel Types and their Effectiveness

10 Carbohydrate: 1g converts to approximately 17 joules of energy Fat: 1g converts to approximately 38 joules of energy Protein: 1g converts to approximately 17 joules of energy The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… Fuel Types and their Effectiveness

11 Alcohol. Converted from: ethanol to acetaldehyde (alcohol dehydrogenase IB, a hepatic enzyme) acetaldehyde to acetic acid (aldehyde dehydrogenase 2) acetic acid to acetyl-CoA (acetyl CoA synthase-1 and 2) acetyl-CoA to water and carbon dioxide. (CAC) When alcohol is in excess the effects become more predominant and thus a greater period of time is required to clear the system. The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… Ethanol

12 To keep body weight stable: Energy used=energy intake Energy stored is therefore: intake - expenditure If this is positive the body works to store the excess energy. Generally an anabolic process (synthesis a larger molecule from smaller components) The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… Storing Energy

13 Account for 1 percent of body mass. Glycogenesis: conversion of excess glucose into glycogen as a cellular storage mechanism. Stored as glycogen in skeletal muscle and the liver. Excess is often catabolised to form Acetly-CoA Insulin acts to increase the storage process and insulin levels correlate to blood glucose. The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… Carbohydrate Storage

14 Account for 15 percent of body mass. Primarily stored as triglycerides (ester of glycerol and 3 fatty acids). Fatty acids are converted to triglycerides for storage. Mainly stored in adipocytes. The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… Lipid Storage

15 Account for 17 percent of body mass. Stored in muscle. Amino acids built into relevant proteins for the cell functions. The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… Protein Storage

16 The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information… Any Questions?


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