1. Genetic Mutations
Muytatogns?

2. Insertion CTGGAG CTGGTGGAAG
A mutation in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA.
CTGGAG
CTGGTGGAAG

3. Deletion
A mutation in which a section of DNA (or at least one base) is lost.
CTGGAG
CTAG

4. Possible Results of Insertions or Deletions? “Frameshifts”
Since DNA  mRNA and mRNA is read in codons (triplets), insertions and deletions can create amino acid sequences that are meaningless.
Consider the message:
The fat cat ate the hat
hef atc ata tet heh at

5. Substitution CTGGAG CTGGGG
A mutation that exchanges one base for another.
Possible Results:
Change in codon  change in amino acid.
Change in codon  no change in amino acid. “silent mutation”
Change in codon to become a stop codon. “nonsense mutation”
CTGGAG
CTGGGG

6. Chromosomal Alterations
Can also lead to changes in DNA sequence  new traits
Breakage of a chromosome may lead to four types of changes

7. The boy cut his lip and ate the hot dog
Your tasks:
Copy the sequence and place a large box around it
Using the original sequence, insert two bases anywhere.
Write the resulting message as it would be read.
3. Using the original sequence, delete one base anywhere.
3. Using the original sequence, substitute one base to another.
Challenge: Write a DNA sequence and create a substitution that would result in a silent mutation.