1. Section 11.3
Genetic Changes

2. Mutations
Any change in the DNA sequence that also changes the protein it codes for.
Mutations in reproductive cells:
May produce a new trait
May result in a protein that does not work correctly
Protein may be nonfunctional causing the embryo to not survive

3. Mutations in body cells:
Would not be passed on to offspring
May impair the function of the cell
cancer

4. Point Mutation The change in a single base pair in DNA
Can change a single amino acid in the chain resulting in a change in the entire protein produced.

5. Frameshift Mutation
A mutation in which a single base is added or deleted from DNA
Would cause nearly every amino acid in the protein after the addition or deletion to be changed.

6. Chromosomal Mutation
When parts of chromosomes are broken off or lost during mitosis or meiosis
Chromosomes break and rejoin incorrectly
Usually do not survive. If they do, they are usually sterile

7. Types of Chromosomal Mutations:
1. Deletion – when part of a chromosome is left out
2. Insertions – when a part of a chromatid breaks off and attaches to its sister chromatid. The result is a duplication of genes on the same chromosome.

8. Types of Chromosomal Mutations
3. Inversions – when part of a chromosome breaks off and is reinserted backwards.
4. Translocations – when part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome.