1. 5.4: Genes, DNA, and Proteins 7.1.a Students know cells function similarly in all living organisms.

2. The Genetic Code Proteins help to determine the size, shape, color, and other traits DNA is made up of 4 nitrogen bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine Gene- a section of DNA which has the information to code for a protein Bases are genes in a specific order Each gene is located at a specific place on the chromosome Chromosome contains thousands of genes

3. The DNA Code Chromosomes are inside the nucleus, made of DNA, and contain thousands of genes The sequence of bases in a gene forms a code telling what protein to produce

4. How Cells Make Proteins Key concept: “During protein synthesis, the cell uses information from a gene on a chromosome to produce a specific protein.” Messenger RNA- copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus, and carries the message to the ribosome in the cytoplasm RNA is similar to DNA but different RNA is 1 strand DNA has of 2 strands RNA has Uracil DNA has Thymine RNA has a different sugar molecule Transfer RNA- carries amino acids to the ribosome and adds them to the growing protein

5. Mutations Mutation- any change in the gene or chromosome, it can be harmful or helpful If a mutation happens in the sex cell the mutation might be passed onto an offspring If a mutation happens in a body cell, like a skin cell, it will not be passed on A mutation is harmful if it reduces the organisms chance for survival and reproduction A mutation is helpful if it improves an organism’s chance for survival and reproduction

6. Mutations Key Concept: “Mutations can cause a cell to produce an incorrect protein during protein synthesis. As a result, the organism’s trait, or phenotype, may be different from what it normally would have been.” There are different kinds of mutations

7. What forms the genetic code? How does a cell produce proteins? How can mutations affect an organism? Section 4: Genes, DNA, and Proteins