1. ©2004 by South-Western/Thomson Learning 1 International Strategy Robert E. Hoskisson Michael A. Hitt R. Duane Ireland Chapter 9

2. 2 Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Strategic Leadership Strategic Leadership Chapter 4 Chapter 4 The Internal The Internal Organization Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Competitive Rivalry and Competitive Rivalry and Competitive Dynamics Competitive Dynamics Chapter 9 Chapter 9 International Strategy International Strategy Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Introduction to Strategic Management Strategic Management Chapter 3 Chapter 3 The External The External Environment Chapter 5 Chapter 5 Business-Level Strategy Chapter 8 Chapter 8 Acquisitions and Acquisitions and Restructuring Strategies Restructuring Strategies Chapter 11 Chapter 11 Corporate Governance Corporate Governance Strategic Intent Strategic Intent Strategic Mission Strategic Mission Chapter 7 Chapter 7 Corporate-Level Strategy Corporate-Level Strategy Chapter 10 Chapter 10 Cooperative Strategy Cooperative Strategy Chapter 12 Chapter 12 Strategic Entrepreneurship Strategic Entrepreneurship Strategic Analysis Strategic Thinking Creating Competitive Advantage Monitoring And Creating Entrepreneurial Opportunities The Strategic Management Process Chapter 8 Chapter 8 Acquisition and Acquisition and Restructuring Strategies Restructuring Strategies Chapter 9 Chapter 9 International Strategy International Strategy

3. 3 Discussion Questions Click Here Click Here Click Here More discussion questions Click Here 1. What are the issues that need to be addressed when considering international diversification decisions? 2. What opportunities create incentives to pursue international diversification strategies? 3. How do domestic industry attributes shape international business level- strategy formulation?

4. 4 Discussion Questions (cont.) Click Here Click Here 4. What two strategic emphases have created opportunities for different international corporate-level strategies and structures? 5. What other significant trends have been influencing the strategies? Click Here More discussion questions

5. 5 Click Here Discussion Questions (cont.) Click Here Click Here 6. Which international entry modes are least risky and why? Which international entry modes provide the best control over operations? Under what situations do you use one mode versus another? 7. What are the potential overall benefits and risks of international diversification? 8. Are there managerial limits to international diversification?

6. 6 Discussion Question 1 What are the issues that need to be addressed when considering international diversification decisions?

7. 7 ExportingLicensing Strategic alliances Acquisitions Establishment of a new subsidiary International business-level strategy Multidomestic strategy Global strategy Transnational strategy Opportunities and Outcomes of International Strategy Increased market size Return on investment Economies of scale and learning Advantage in location Identify International Opportunities Explore Resources and Capabilities Use Core Competence International Strategies Modes of Entry

8. 8 Better performance Innovation Opportunities and Outcomes of International Strategy: Continued ExportingLicensing Strategic alliances Acquisitions Establishment of a new subsidiary Use Core Competence Modes of Entry Management problems and risk Management problems and risk Strategic Competitiveness Outcomes Click Here Return to Discussion Questions

9. 9 Discussion Question 2 What opportunities create incentives to pursue international diversification strategies?

10. 10 Motivations for International Expansion Increase Market Share Increase Market Share –domestic market may lack the size to support efficient scale manufacturing facilities Return on Investment Return on Investment –large investment projects may require global markets to justify the capital outlays –weak patent protection in some countries implies that firms should expand overseas rapidly in order to preempt imitators

11. 11 Motivations for International Expansion Economies of Scale or Learning Economies of Scale or Learning –expanding size or scope of markets helps to achieve economies of scale in manufacturing as well as marketing, R & D or distribution –can spread costs over a larger sales’ base –increase profit per unit Location Advantages Location Advantages –low cost markets may aid in developing competitive advantage –may achieve better access to: Raw materialsRaw materials Lower cost laborLower cost labor Key customersKey customers EnergyEnergy Click Here Return to Discussion Questions

12. 12 Discussion Question 3 How do domestic industry attributes shape international business level- strategy formulation?

13. 13 International Business-Level Strategy: Determinants of National Advantage Factors of production Related and supportingindustries Demandconditions Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry

14. 14 International Business-Level Strategy: Determinants of National Advantage Factors of production: the inputs necessary to compete in any industry Factors of production: the inputs necessary to compete in any industry –labor –land –natural resources –capital –infrastructure –basic factors include natural and labor resources –advanced factors include digital communication systems and educated workforce

15. 15 International Business-Level Strategy: Determinants of National Advantage Demand conditions: characterized by the nature and size of buyers’ needs in the home market for the industry’s goods or services Demand conditions: characterized by the nature and size of buyers’ needs in the home market for the industry’s goods or services –size of market segment can lead to scale- efficient facilities –efficiency can lead to domination of the industry in other countries –specialized demand may create opportunities beyond national boundaries

16. 16 International Business-Level Strategy: Determinants of National Advantage Related and supporting industries: supporting services, facilities, suppliers and so on Related and supporting industries: supporting services, facilities, suppliers and so on –support in design –support in distribution –related industries as suppliers and buyers

17. 17 Click Here Return to Discussion Questions International Business-Level Strategy: Determinants of National Advantage Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry: the pattern of strategy, structure, and rivalry among firms Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry: the pattern of strategy, structure, and rivalry among firms –common technical training –methodological product and process improvement –cooperative and competitive systems

18. 18 Discussion Question 4 What two strategic emphases have created opportunities for the three different international corporate- level strategies and structures?

19. 19 International Corporate-Level Strategy Need for Local Responsiveness Need for Global Integration Low High LowHigh Globalstrategy Transnationalstrategy Multidomesticstrategy

20. 20 International Corporate-Level Strategy Type of corporate strategy selected will have an impact on the selection and implementation of the business-level strategies Type of corporate strategy selected will have an impact on the selection and implementation of the business-level strategies Some corporate strategies provide individual country units with flexibility to choose their own strategies Some corporate strategies provide individual country units with flexibility to choose their own strategies Others dictate business-level strategies from the home office and coordinate resource sharing across units Others dictate business-level strategies from the home office and coordinate resource sharing across units

21. 21 Multidomesticstrategy International Corporate-Level Strategy: Multidomestic Strategy Strategy and operating decisions are decentralized to strategic business units (SBU) in each countryStrategy and operating decisions are decentralized to strategic business units (SBU) in each country Products and services are tailored to local marketsProducts and services are tailored to local markets Business units in one country are independent of each otherBusiness units in one country are independent of each other Assumes markets differ by country or regionsAssumes markets differ by country or regions Focus on competition in each marketFocus on competition in each market Prominent strategy among European firms due to broad variety of cultures and markets in EuropeProminent strategy among European firms due to broad variety of cultures and markets in Europe

22. 22 product characteristics tailored to local preferencesproduct characteristics tailored to local preferences isolation from global competitionisolation from global competition – establish protected market positions –compete in industry segments most affected by differences among local countries Worldwide Geographic Area Structure: MultinationalHeadquarters Europe UnitedStates MiddleEast/Africa Asia Australia LatinAmerica Multidomestic Strategy

23. 23 International Corporate-Level Strategy: Global Strategy Globalstrategy Products are standardized across national marketsProducts are standardized across national markets Decisions regarding business-level strategies are centralized in the home officeDecisions regarding business-level strategies are centralized in the home office Strategic business units (SBU) are assumed to be interdependentStrategic business units (SBU) are assumed to be interdependent Emphasizes economies of scaleEmphasizes economies of scale Often lacks responsiveness to local marketsOften lacks responsiveness to local markets Requires resource sharing and coordination across borders (which also makes it difficult to manage)Requires resource sharing and coordination across borders (which also makes it difficult to manage) Historically prominent among Japanese firmsHistorically prominent among Japanese firms

24. 24 standardized products across countriesstandardized products across countries economies of scope and scaleeconomies of scope and scale outsource some primary or support activities to the world’s best providersoutsource some primary or support activities to the world’s best providers decision-making authority centralized in worldwide division headquartersdecision-making authority centralized in worldwide division headquarters Worldwide Product Divisional Structure: GlobalCorporateHeadquarters WorldwideProductsDivision WorldwideProductsDivision WorldwideProductsDivision WorldwideProductsDivision WorldwideProductsDivision WorldwideProductsDivision Global Strategy

25. 25 Transnationalstrategy International Corporate-Level Strategy: Transnational Strategy Seeks to achieve both global efficiency and local responsivenessSeeks to achieve both global efficiency and local responsiveness Difficult to achieve because of simultaneous requirementsDifficult to achieve because of simultaneous requirements  strong central control and coordination to achieve efficiency  decentralization to achieve local market responsiveness Must pursue organizational learning to achieve competitive advantageMust pursue organizational learning to achieve competitive advantage

26. 26 Using the Combination Structure: The combination structure has characteristics and mechanisms that result in an emphasis on both geographic and product structures The combination structure has characteristics and mechanisms that result in an emphasis on both geographic and product structures –local responsiveness (multidomestic strategy) – global efficiency (global strategy) Transnational Strategy Click Here Return to Discussion Questions

27. 27 Discussion Question 5 What other significant trends have been influencing the strategies?

28. 28 Click Here Return to Discussion Questions Environmental Trends Liability of Foreignness –security risks –tighter immigration policies Regionalization –location can affect value creation –may wish to narrow focus to a particular region of the world –enter regional markets sequentially, beginning with the most familiar market

29. 29 Discussion Question 6 Which international entry modes are least risky and why? Which international entry modes provide the best control over operations? Under what situations do you use one mode versus another?

30. 30 Type of Entry Characteristics ExportingHigh cost, low control LicensingLow cost, low risk, little control, low returns Strategic alliancesShared costs, shared resources, shared risks, problems of integration AcquisitionQuick access to new market, high cost, complex negotiations, problems of merging with domestic operations New wholly owned subsidiary Complex, often costly, time consuming, high risk, maximum control, potential above-average returns Global Market Entry: Choice of Entry Mode Click Here Return to Discussion Questions

31. 31 Discussion Question 7 What are the potential overall benefits and risks of international diversification?

32. 32 Value Creation Outcomes: Returns International diversification and returns : firm expands the sales of its goods or services across the borders of global regions and countries into different geographic locations or markets International diversification and returns : firm expands the sales of its goods or services across the borders of global regions and countries into different geographic locations or markets –may increase a firm’s returns –such firms usually achieve the most positive stock returns –firm may achieve economies of scale and experience, location advantages, increased market size and opportunity to stabilize returns

33. 33 Value Creation Outcomes: Innovation Value Creation Outcomes: Innovation International diversification and innovation : firm expands the sales of its goods or services across the borders of global regions and countries into different geographic locations or markets International diversification and innovation : firm expands the sales of its goods or services across the borders of global regions and countries into different geographic locations or markets –potentially greater returns on innovations (larger markets) –generate additional resources for investment in innovation –exposed to new products and processes in international markets, generates additional knowledge leading to innovations

34. 34 Risks in an International Environment Political Risks Economic Risks Political risks include instability in national governmentsinstability in national governments war, both civil and internationalwar, both civil and international potential nationalization of a firm’s resourcespotential nationalization of a firm’s resources Political Risks

35. 35 Risks in an International Environment Economic risks are interdependent with political risks and include differences and fluctuations in the value of different currenciesdifferences and fluctuations in the value of different currencies differences in prevailing wage ratesdifferences in prevailing wage rates difficulties in enforcing property rightsdifficulties in enforcing property rights unemploymentunemployment Click Here Return to Discussion Questions Political Risks Economic Risks Political Risks

36. 36 Discussion Question 8 Are there managerial limits to international diversification?

37. 37 Limits to International Expansion: Management Problems Cost of coordination across diverse geographical business units Cost of coordination across diverse geographical business units Institutional and cultural barriers Institutional and cultural barriers Understanding strategic intent of competitors Understanding strategic intent of competitors The overall complexity of competition The overall complexity of competition