1. Lipids Water insoluble (hydrophobic) Non-polymeric structure
Migrate over-water 2,400 miles
Water insoluble (hydrophobic)
Non-polymeric structure
Energy storage, membrane constituent, hormone signaling

2. I. Fatty Acids: Fuel & Membrane Building Blocks
Hydrocarbon with carboxylic acid head group
Highly reduced carbon source
Ionized at neutral pH (-ate not -ic acid form)
Soap: fatty acid salt
Which fatty acid is more reduced?
What makes soap a good cleaner?

3. Naturally Occurring Animal Fatty Acids: Common and Systemic Names

4. Melting Point and Membrane Fluidity
Shorter chain length lowers melting point
cis Double bond lowers melting point
Unsaturated fatty acids (oils) lower melting point versus saturated fatty acids (solid)
Predict the oil composition from palm versus canola plants.

5. Health Versus Fat Quantity and Quality
Trans fats correlated with high blood cholesterol/cardiovascular disease (inflammation?)
Cis polyunsaturated fatty acids essential for the diet (inhibit blood clotting, reduce heart attack risk)
Vegetable oil (linolenate)
Shell fish/cold water fish (EPA/DHA)

6. II. Triacylglycerol in Energy Storage
Anhydrous fat /gram stores 6x energy of hydrated glycogen
Triacylglycerol storage site – adipose tissue
Sugar storage 18 hrs; triacylglycerol
storage several weeks

7. III. Phospholipids: Major Class of Membrane Lipids
Phosphatidate: key intermediate in phosphoglyceride biosynthesis and membranes
Lipid bilayer

8. Common Membrane Phosphoglycerides
What does the color coding for green, blue and pink represent?

9. Membrane Sphingolipids
Amino alcohol backbone – sphingosine
Sphingomyelin –
sphingosine with a fatty acid
amide linkage and choline;
abundant in nerve cell
membranes
Cerebroside – sphingosine
with a sugar residue (aka
glycolipid)

10. IV. Glycolipids Gangliosides – sphingosine
with multiple sugar residues
Sugars are extracellular
A, B and O blood typing
Multiple sugar units

11. V. Steroids
Tetracyclic ring structure (3 cyclohexane fused with cyclopentane)
Facilitate lipid digestion
Membrane fluidity buffer
How does cholesterol orientate in the membrane?

12. Lipoproteins Protein attachment to the surface of a membrane
N-Myristoylglycine

13. Membrane Component from a High-Temperature Organism
What are the chemical differences in this lipid from standard membrane lipids?
What impact do these alterations have on lipid behavior?

14. Phospholipids and Glycolipids Self-Assemble to Form a Lipid Bilayer
Driving Forces:
H-bonding
Hydrophobic effect
Electrostatic interactions
Van der Waal’s attractions (close packing)

15. Membrane Fluidity: Temperature, Cholesterol and Fatty-Acid-Composition Regulated
How does membrane composition alter with elevated temperature?

16. Significant Lateral Albeit Minimal Transverse Lipid Movement

17. Liposome for Potential Drug Delivery

18. Lipid Bilayer Small-Molecule Permeability
Unassisted membrane crossing linked with H2O and non-polar solvent solubility
* Protein assisted transport * * * * *

19. Peripheral and Integral Membrane Proteins
Different membrane orientation (a and e), surface position
(f and e) and membrane component association
(d, and g)
What tethers peripheral proteins to the membrane?
What secondary structure is common in membrane hydrophobic regions?

20. Alpha Helices in the Integral Protein Bacteriorhodopsin
Bacteria light-harvesting protein that generates proton gradient
α-Helix most common 2° membrane structure
Helical (yellow) and charged (red) residues

21. Chapter 8 Problems: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 19, 21, 23 and 25