1. Biocatalysis: Utilizing enzymes for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals By: Brent Feske, Ph.D. Armstrong Atlantic State University Armstrong

2. Past, Present, and Future of Biocatalysis C & E News – American Chemical Society Past Ethanol – Fermentation of beer (6000 year ago - records have shown that the Sumerians liked a good beer) Fructose – 1 million tons/year at less than $1.00/kg ~Present Now we can engineer organisms BASF – Vitamin B-2 using an engineered fungus Ashbya gossypii (genome sequencing complete) Eastman Chemical and Genencor - launched a “totally aqueous two-step synthesis of Vitamin C”. Lactic Acid - PLA (~50% less petroleum than plastics) Future Advance cellulosic ethanol or biofuels Study unique organisms like methylomonas (methane based organisms, etc)

3. Why Biocatalysis? Industrial Friendly Green Chemistry Gr$$n Chemistry  Generally, it can be difficult to synthesize a single chiral center, thus enzymes are excellent at generating a single enantiomer Stereoisomers RS  Sometimes it is the most efficient route to a target molecule

4. Stereochemistry and Pharmacology Enzymes and receptors in the body are chiral -One stereoisomer is usually more potent -Some stereoisomers may display different pharmacological effects

5. Thalidomide and the Role of Enantiomers and FDA approval http://engineering.cua.edu/biomedical/faculty/kirtley/synergy/ar_thalidomide909.jpg S-enantiomer causes Phocomelia

6. Ketone reduction and stereochemistry Taken from Biochemistry – Garrett and Grisham – Brooks/cole Example Mechanism