1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Gender Now

2. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. It Matters: The Biological Foundations of Gender Sex is Not Gender Sex is Not Gender Sex Sex Gender Gender

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Biological Sex: The Foundation of Gender Terms: Terms: Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction FertilizationFertilization SpermSperm OvumOvum Homogametic sexHomogametic sex Heterogametic sexHeterogametic sex

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Male and Female The Role of Sex Hormones The Role of Sex Hormones EstrogensEstrogens ProgesteroneProgesterone AndrogensAndrogens

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Internal Sex Organs: Male, Female, Undifferentiated

6. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. List of Homologous Structures

7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sex Differentiation in the Prenatal Brain The role of androgen and estrogen receptors The role of androgen and estrogen receptors Sex differential of the brain is dependent on the presence or absence of estradiol. Sex differential of the brain is dependent on the presence or absence of estradiol. The conversion of androgen to estrogen in the prenatal brain is the underlying cause of brain sex differentiation. The conversion of androgen to estrogen in the prenatal brain is the underlying cause of brain sex differentiation.

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Somewhere Between “Male” and “Female” Terms: Terms: Intersex/intersexualIntersex/intersexual HermaphroditeHermaphrodite Female pseudohermaphrodite Female pseudohermaphrodite Male pseudohermaphrodite Male pseudohermaphrodite

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Turner Syndrome One of two X chromosomes is absent One of two X chromosomes is absent The dropped chromosome results in failure to develop ovaries, rendering her infertile The dropped chromosome results in failure to develop ovaries, rendering her infertile Affected females are often short, have learning delays, and heart, kidney and thyroid problems Affected females are often short, have learning delays, and heart, kidney and thyroid problems

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Klinefelter Syndrome Extra X chromosome is present, resulting in XXY pattern Extra X chromosome is present, resulting in XXY pattern Affecting 1 in 500 male births Affecting 1 in 500 male births Smaller-than-normal testes that produce no sperm Smaller-than-normal testes that produce no sperm Affected males often have round body type, taller than brother/father, enlarged breasts, and little facial or body hair Affected males often have round body type, taller than brother/father, enlarged breasts, and little facial or body hair

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Characterized by an abnormality of the X chromosome Characterized by an abnormality of the X chromosome The gonads within the abdomen may be male, but the baby is born with feminized external genitalia The gonads within the abdomen may be male, but the baby is born with feminized external genitalia

12. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) Sex hormone disorder – external genitalia of genetic females are masculinized because of excessive androgens Sex hormone disorder – external genitalia of genetic females are masculinized because of excessive androgens Affects 1 in 13,000-16,000 people Affects 1 in 13,000-16,000 people Affected females have vagina, can have intercourse, and give birth Affected females have vagina, can have intercourse, and give birth

13. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sex Reassignment: “John/Joan” Case Born male, Bruce Reimer underwent sex reassignment surgery and was raised as a girl. He later transitioned back to being a male, but ultimately killed himself at 38.

14. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Current Medical Management The Intersex Society of North America The Intersex Society of North America Current medical protocol regarding ambiguous genitalia or intersex children is that gender assignment is based on DNA Current medical protocol regarding ambiguous genitalia or intersex children is that gender assignment is based on DNA

15. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. It Matters: The Culture of Gender

16. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Roles: The Making of Male or Female, Masculine or Feminine

17. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Masculinity: “Doing” Male Masculinity Masculinity Hegemonic Masculinity Hegemonic Masculinity Racial and Ethnic Differences: Racial and Ethnic Differences: The cool poseThe cool pose MachismoMachismo

18. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Femininity: “Doing” Female Femininity Femininity Racial and Ethnic Differences Racial and Ethnic Differences MarianismoMarianismo Body Image Body Image Changes across timeChanges across time

19. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Body Shapes and Media

20. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Body Shapes and Media

21. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Body Shapes and Media

22. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Polarization: Complementary Opposites – or Inequality Terms: Terms: Gender stereotypesGender stereotypes Gender polarization/bipolar genderGender polarization/bipolar gender SexismSexism Gender inequalityGender inequality Wage gap Wage gap Confidence gap Confidence gap

23. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Differences in Annual Median Income, by Education

24. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Self-Confidence of First-Year College Students, by Gender

25. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. It Matters: Gender Identity Gender Identity vs. Sexual Orientation Gender Identity vs. Sexual Orientation Androgyny Androgyny Transgender Transgender TranssexualTranssexual Gender dysphoria Gender dysphoria Sexual Reassignment Surgery Sexual Reassignment Surgery TransvestiteTransvestite

26. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sexual Life Education Concluding Points Concluding Points