1. Magnetostratigraphy

2. Stratigraphy, from the Latin stratum (= layer) and the Greek graphere (= to describe) Literally means the description and study of - the succession of - layered rocks Stratigraphy is the science of rock strata Stratigraphy

3. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) fossils are not “jollies of Nature” but are remnants of once-living creatures are not the result of the deluge possibility of mountain uplift

4. Nicolaus Steno (1638-1686) Niels Stensen Laws of Steno (1669) Modern paleontologic ideas

5. Steno’s Laws Law of Superposition: younger strata lie above older strata Law of Horizontality: sedimentary strata were originally deposited horizontally Law of Lateral Continuity: sedimentary strata originally extended in all directions

6. James Hutton (1726-1797) Salisbury Craigs (veins, baked contacts) Heat source deep within the Earth

7. James Hutton (1726-1797) Siccar’s point Angular unconformity Rock cycle Subsidence Deposition Uplift and Deformation Weathering Erosion

8. Law of Faunal Succession 1841 Alcide d´Orbigny Concept of Stage 1856 Carl Albert Oppel - Concept of Biozone

9. Principle of Faunal Succession and Steno’s Laws

10. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) Principles of Geology wwwwww.esp.org/books/lyell/principles/facsmile/contents.htm

11. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) First relative geological time scale (1839) Fossil succession Laws of Steno

12. Geological Time Scale Gradstein et al. (2004) GTS2004 Neogene: based on astronomical ages Paleogene: based on radio-isotopic ages

13. Geological Time: dates and rates Tools: Biostratigraphy Lithostratigraphy Magnetostratigraphy Astrochronology Isotopic dating Aims: Global events Synchrony-diachrony Marine-continental Event stratigraphy

14. Stratigraphic correlations LithostratigraphicChronostratigraphicBiostratigraphic

15. Chronostratigraphy Biostratigraphy Lithostratigraphy

16. Magnetostratigraphy

17. Magnetostratigraphy a dipole reversing at irregular times

18. Geomagnetic time scales

19. K/Ar dating of lavas Cox et al., 1964

20. Magneto-bio-stratigraphy Opdyke et al., 1966 - Advent of deep-sea cores: inclination only - Biostratigraphy (faunal zones) for dating

21. Marine magnetic anomalies

24. Pitman and Heirtzler, 1966

25. Marine Magnetic Anomalies Deep Sea Cores vs.

26. Developing the GPTS

27. World crustal age Marine magnetic anomalies

28. Pre-Jurassic magnetostratigraphy Pangea From http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~pol sen/nbcp/projectdescription.html

29. Pre-Jurassic magnetostratigraphy Position Newark Basin on Pangea From http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~pol sen/nbcp/projectdescription.html

30. Pre-Jurassic magnetostratigraphy

31. Triassic-Jurassic geochronology: Magnetostratigraphy and Cyclostratigraphy Astronomical time scale for the Late Triassic based on Newark Basin Pre-Jurassic magnetostratigraphy

32. Triassic magnetostratigraphy … beyond the sea floor record

33. Even older: magneto- stratigraphy ?

34. Magnetostratigraphy  part of integrated stratigraphy Biostratigraphy: first-order chronology - taxonomy, reworking, diachrony, ages Magnetostratigraphy: globally synchonous barcode - depends on good paleomagnetic signal & recording Cyclostratigraphy: astronomical dating, fine-tuning - astronomical solutions (> 20 Ma) - interpretation of phase relations

35. Integrated stratigraphy Biostratigraphy - first-order chronology Magnetostratigraphy - globally synchonous barcode Cyclostratigraphy - fine-tuning & astronomical dating

36. Biostratigraphy vs. Magnetostratigraphy Problems: Taxonomy Diachrony Reworking Ages Problems: Correlation Primary signal vs. overprint Ages

37. Magnetostratigraphy Pitfalls and problems Only significant magnetostratigraphic dating if: unique pattern fit!

38. Ages GPTS not independent of other dating techniques

39. The times they are a-changing’ Bob Dylan 1964 Ages change with time …

40. Correlation Requires unique pattern fit Garces et al., 2001 K/Ar age 6.16 ± 0.30 Magneto age 7.6 ± 0.1

41. Hilgen et al., 2004 Magnetostratigraphy & Cyclostratigraphy Astronomical Tuning Climate cycles Astronomical solutions

42. Astronomical Polarity Time Scale (APTS) for the Mediterranean Neogene

44. Astronomical Time Scales

45. Lourens et al., 2004 Cyclostratigraphy & astronomical tuning Accurate definition of GSSP (Oued Akrech, Hilgen et al., 2000)

46. Milankovitch cycles

47. Sapropel-marl cycles, upper Miocene, Sicily Precession minimum Eccentricity minimum Gibliscemi, Sicily, Italy

48. Partial Unit-Stratotype of the Zanclean stage (Lower Pliocene) Punta di Maiata, Sicily, Italy

49. GTS2012

50. Precession minimum Lignite-marls cycles, Mio-Pliocene, Greece Ptolemais quarry, Greece

51. PONTIAN Acc. rate in C3r = 137cm/kyr Periodicity cycles = 22.7kyr Sand-marls cycles, Mio-Pliocene, Romania Putna river section, eastern Carpathians

52. Clay-carbonate cycles, Miocene, Spain Orera section, Spain

53. Clay-carbonate cycles, Triassic, USA Painted desert/Petrified forrest, Arizona

54. Miocene APTS Astrochronology for the Late Miocene Sections on Crete correlated bed-to-bed to Sicily Hilgen et al. (1995)

55. ATNTS2012 in GTS2012 the successor of ATNTS2004

56. Independent dating methods Radio-isotope dating based on Radio-active decay Astronomical dating based on Orbital parameters ?=?=

57. Intercalibration: Isotopic ages and astronomical ages Faneromeni section: Messinian, Crete

58. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar vs. astronomical ages Fan-a1, Crete Miocene, marine 2  : 0.01 Ma; N = 44 3 different irradiations 6.656.756.856.957.057.15 Age (Ma) 6.94 Ma Kuiper et al., 2003

59. Problem Offset ~1% Kuiper et al., 2008

60. Astrochronology Problems: Cycle recognition Phase relation Correlation Astronomical solution

61. La93 <> La2004

62. Radio-Isotopic dating Problems: Technique (K/Ar vs. Ar/Ar) Error determination Mineral dating standards

63. Ar/Ar ratio: mass spectrometer precision depends on e.g. measurement protocol, mass discrimination J is an irradiation parameter and its accuracy depends on an accurately known age of a mineral standard. Decay constant Error determination

64. Mineral dating standards: Fish Canyon Tuff

65. Intercalibration Isotopic ages and astronomical ages Morocco / Spain Kuiper et al., 2008

66. Intercalibration Inter-laboratory calibration Kuiper et al., 2008 (Science)

67. Intercalibration Isotopic ages and astronomical ages K/T Boundary Zumaia (Spain): new age of 65.96 Ma

68. Age and uncertainty for FCT FCs = 28.201 ± 0.046 Ma

69. What about U/Pb FC? Wotzlaw et al.,2014

70. Magnetostratigraphy Possibilities, pitfalls and applications