1. UNIT 2: POPULATION & MIGRATION Issues of Migration

2. Compare Jus Soli and Jus Sanguinis Identify the four eras of immigration to the U.S. Explain the four phases of internal migration in the U.S. Define Centroid Explain intraregional migration trends within the United States Discuss quotas and immigration policy Identify major immigration concerns in the United States Explain immigration concerns outside of the U.S. LEARNING TARGETS SESSION 7 Issues of Migration

3. Naturalization Test CLASS ACTIVITY Directions: Answer the 25 questions provided A score ranging between 85% and 100% is needed to be the equivalent of a passing grade for a new immigrant to the country. Understand that beyond this test (which is longer than the sample provided), immigrants must also partake in an interview as well.

4. Jus Soli (right of the territory) birthright citizenship (born on soil makes you a citizen) unique to a handful of countries Jus Sanguinis (right of blood) your parents are citizens so are you Some countries will accept other blood relatives (i.e. grandparents, great- grandparents, etc.)…i.e. Ireland, Israel, India, etc. Defining Citizenship Countries with Jus Soli

5. Immigration Era: 1840-1890 The majority of the migrants to the United States came from Northern and Western Europe with the majority coming from Ireland and Germany. Both groups of immigrants were escaping poor economic conditions as well as political turmoil. By the end of the period, over half a million Scandinavians also arrived in the United States, as well as a large number of Chinese and Japanese immigrants to the Pacific Coast. American Immigration Immigration Era : 1607-1840 Bulk of migrants coming to America in this time period came from the British Isles (English, Scottish, Welsh and some Irish). Beginning in the late 17 th century slaves from Sub-Saharan African slaves became the first forced migrants to the New World, with nearly half a million brought to North America by the end of the 18 th century.

6. Immigration Era: 1890-1930 A sharp rise in migrants from Southern and Eastern Europe (through the entry point of Ellis Island) to the U.S. escaping war and poverty. Russians, Poles, Italians, Jews, Greeks and others from Central Europe made up 2/3 rd ‘s of all immigrants during this period. By the 1930’s, however, immigration restriction and quota limits drastically cut the number of immigrants arriving in the U.S. Immigration Era: 1930-Present During the 30’s and 40’s immigration dropped drastically before a new wave in the 1950’s. Three quarters of immigrants since the 1950’s have come from Asia (China, the Philippines, India, Vietnam and the Middle East) and Latin America (primarily Mexico, Cuba and Central America). Most came for economic reasons, but many also faced political and religious oppression. American Immigration

7. Phase 1: Hugging the Coast 1607-1800 America as a group of colonies and as an early nation existed between the Atlantic Ocean and Appalachian Mountains Regional Migration Patterns

8. Phase 2: Manifest Destiny 1800-1865 Americans pushed west over the Appalachians into the interior of the country through territorial acquisition with new population centers around the Great Lakes and California Regional Migration Patterns

9. Phase 3: Industrial Era 1865-1940 Post-Civil War, migration shifted to northern industrial cities as well as the Great Plains and the West Coast, dispersing the population throughout the country. Regional Migration Patterns

10. Phase 4: Sun Belt Migration 1940-Present Americans have gradually begun migrating from the Midwest, Great Plains and Northeast to the preferable conditions of the New South and Southwest. Regional Migration Patterns

11. CA, TX, NY, FL – 4 most populous states. All are top destinations for immigrants and for internal migration. These 4 have become political powerhouses. Three of four in Sun Belt. Centroid: Geographic center point or population weight balance In the U.S., much further West and South than it was at beginning of 20 th Century…Centroid currently in Missouri Results of American Migration

12. American Intraregional Migration Rural to Urban -Urbanization increased from 5% in 1800 to 50% by 1920 to 80% in 2010 Urban to Suburban - Suburbanization began with the invention of the automobile but greatly increased in the 1950’s. Counter-Urbanization - In recent decades populations in cities and nearby suburbs have begun moving back to more rural settings to escape the sprawl

13. Check for Understanding: Student Discussion What are the three essential questions of Human Geography? What is the difference between physical and human geography? What field is created when they are combined? What are the sub-fields of Human Geography? What are the theories of Environmental Determinism and Possibillism? How do they differ? What theory has come to replace possibilism? Which idea do you most agree with?

14. Quotas: a selective immigration policy that limits the number of migrants entering a country First established in 1921in the US Today global quota for the U.S. is 700,000 Number of applicants far exceeds quotas so Congress sets preferences for… Family Unification (typical wait for spouse is 5 yrs) Skilled workers/professionals (LDCs accuse U.S. of brain drain, taking best and brightest) Diversity: No more than 7% of the quota from one country Quotas do not apply to refugees – special status Controlling Immigration

15. Total Numbers: Estimated around 11 million unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. Source: 58% emigrate from Mexico and the rest divided between Latin American countries and others around the world Children: 1 million of the 11 million unauthorized immigrants are children Duration: Nearly 70% have been in the U.S. for over 10 years Labor Force: Approximately 8 million unauthorized immigrants are employed in mostly blue-collar jobs (construction, food service, etc.) Distribution: Largest populations in CA, NV, AZ, TX, CO, and FL Unauthorized Immigration

16. American Immigration DebateVIDEOVIDEO Directions: Watch the immigration episode of 30 Days and be prepared to discuss afterwards http://vimeo.com/11155073

17. U.S. Immigration Concerns Border Patrols: - Many Americans want more effective border patrols…in 2010 390,000 unauthorized immigrants were deported Workplace: - Most Americans recognize that immigrants take jobs that others don’t want and support paths to legal citizenship Civil Rights: - Americans favor allowing law enforcement officials to verify legal status of immigrants, but worry about civil rights violations Local Initiatives: - Most Americans view enforcement of unauthorized immigration as a federal responsibility and oppose local law enforcement Concerns over Unauthorized Immigration

18. U.S. Immigration Concerns

19. Concerns in Other MDC’s Europe: Internal immigration due to the EU has brought many Eastern European migrants to Western European countries for jobs in construction and the service sector. International migrants from former colonies has changed the ethnic homogeny in many countries causing large amounts of resistance and racism Australia: Dealing with an influx of immigrants from China, India, Southeast Asia and the Middle East has led to a great deal of resistance from some Australians Japan: Recently a spike in immigration from Korea and China has led to a rise in racism and xenophobia in Japan

20. NEXT CLASS TEST: UNIT 2